An edition of 100 of which this is No p— L. Cp Pr:sented io This volume is a combination of a series of booklets published by the First National Bank at Pittsburgh, in exposition of our city’s progress in business and culture. It is fitting that this record be dedicated to the memory of the late beloved president of the First National Bank, Mr, Lawrence E. Sands, whose vision and work has made a very deep impression upon the general welfare of this community. May we hope that this volume will be worthy of a place in your library, not only for your own pleasure and information, but also for any inspiration it may furnish for a future generation to maintain and enhance the fine traditions of the City of Pittsburgh. Pennsvlvania THE FirsT Nationa BANK AT PITTSBURGH, PrrrsBurcH. Pa. 30S) AE TED ERR AAD RE EES ADD SSD EO EE CEE EE OO SONI NECN I The Story of PITTSBURGH Volume One Number Five GLASS First National Bank at Pittsburgh December, 1920 HEE EEC 01 | co TITIES ee Dr. Joun A. BRASHEAR The Story of Pittsburgh GLASS 5 HERE is scarcely a form of manufactured glass in which Pittsburgh does not take the lead, from window glass and lamp chimneys to optical glass and astronomical lenses. Very large is the city’s production of plate glass, window glass, pressed table ware and lamp chimneys. The finer manufactures in glass are represented by establishments which make diffracting prisms, used in lighthouses, lenses for telescopes, opera glasses, microscopes and rangefinders. Dr. John A. Brashear, who recently died, mourned by thousands who knew him personally, and to whom he was “Uncle John”, enjoyed an international reputation as an astronomer and a maker of the finest telescopic lenses made anywhere in the world. His establishment was known the world over for the excellence of the lenses it produced. The Encyclopedia Americana, the most recently published work of this character, speaking of Pittsburgh, says: “The total production of plate glass in the district in 1918 was nearly 60,000,000 square feet, which, if made into one sheet, would cover an area of 1877 acres, or make a pane of plate glass three miles high by one mile wide; and the ordinary window glass made here, would, if in one piece, oe a pane nearly three times as large.” The invention of glass occurred at so early a date in :he history of the world, as to be lost in obscurity. The method of its discovery is a matter of surmise. Obsidian, which is found in volcanic discharges, was the earliest form of transparent matter. It was used by the ancient Egyptians in the manufacture of various objects. The Romans and the early Mexicans also fashioned articles from obsidian. The celebrated Dr. Johnson tells what glass really is, in one of his delightful papers in The Rambler, saying: “Who, when he first saw the sand and ashes by casual intenseness of heat melted into a metalline form, rugged with excrescences and clouded with impurities, would have imagined that in this shapeless lump lay concealed so many conveniences of life as would in time constitute a great part of the happiness of the world? Yet by some such fortuitous liquifaction was mankind taught to procure a body at once in a high degree solid and transparent, which might admit the light of the sun and exclude the violence of the wind, which might extend the sight of the philosopher to new ranges of existence, and charm him at one time with the unbounded extent of the material creation, and at another with the endless subordination of animal life, and what is yet of more importance, might supply the decay of nature and succor old age with subsidiary sight. Thus was the first artificer of glass employed, though without his own knowledge or expectation. He was facilitating and prolonging the enjoyment of light, enlarging the avenues of science, and conferring the highest and most lasting pleasure. He was enabling the student to contemplate nature and the beauty to behold herself.” The Egyptians practiced glass blowing more than 4000 years ago, while the invention of glass is sometimes ascribed to the Phoenicians. Glass found in the ruins of Mycenae show that the Greeks were familiar with the art of making glass at least 600 years before Christ. Pliny mentions Gaul (France) as one of the western countries practicing the art. Venice early became a famous glass producing center. There is documentary evidence of glass-making in that city in 1090, and for 500 years the city held a foremost place in its manufacture. In comparatively modern times glass-making extended to other countries. It became established as an industry in the United States early in the 17th century. Pennsylvania has been a producer of glass from the early history of the colony, for William Penn wrote a letter in 1688, in which he alluded to glass works in his domain. A flint glass factory was established near Lancaster in 1769, and in 1771 a plant for making green bottles was established in Philadelphia. In 1797, a window glass factory was built in Pittsburgh, by Maj. Isaac Craig and James O'Hara, heing probably the first factory in which coal was used as fuel, for as late as 1810 wood was used in all glass plants except those in or near Pittsburgh. In 1808, Thomas Bakewell and Robert Page completed a flint glass house in this city, and they were the first who successfully made flint glass in the United States. Tt is recorded that pot clay was hauled by wagons to Pittsburgh from Burlington, N. J., pearl ash and red lead were brought ‘rom Philadelphia, and saltpetre was hauled from the natural caves of Kentucky. The product of the Pittsburgh glass factories early received the approbation of consumers. Cut glass equal to the best quality produced in Europe was made by Messrs. Bakewell and Page. At the Paris Exposition in 1867, the first prize was awarded to an exhibit of pressed glassware, made by the O'Hara Glass Works. The abundance of coal in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, caused Pittsburgh to become the center of the glass making industry of the United States more than a century ago, and inexhaustible deposits of glass-making sand in the vicinity helped to maintain this leading posision. Later the application of natural gas to glass-making served to make the position of Pittsburgh in the glassmaking industry more secure. Raw materials which enter into the composition of window glass are sand, known chemically as silica; limestone, or calcium carbonate; salt cake, or sodium sulphate; soda ash and nitrate of soda, and carbon, in the shape of anthracite coal. The supply of these ingredients is practically unlimited, with the exception of soda ash, the cost of which has increased to such an extent, that salt cake is used as a substitute. Pittsburgh has always been a leader in the glass indusory, and its future is brighter than ever. Fuel and raw materials are to be found in unlimited quantities within short distances. Great schools, such as the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Mellon Institute, are devoting considerable time to research work for the benefit of the glass industry. What is needed, in addition, to complete the equipment of the city, are large sales palaces, such as are to be found in European manufacturing centers, for the display of glass and other manufactures, the whole year round. Such modern methods of display would attract buyers from all over the country and from foreign countries. MANUFACTURE OF GLASS It has been said by an eminent authority on the subject, that glass is a compound of various elements chemically combined, and yet it is not a true chemical compound, for the reason that it is not combined in definite proportions, as are many other chemical compounds. We may say, in short, that glass is but little more than vitrified sand. If we could obtain a temperature sufficiently high, we could make glass from sand alone. That this is not done in practice is because of the difficulty of getting a temperature sufficiently high to vitrify the sand, and also for the reason that we could not get vessels that would withstand the heat. Nothing short of the intense heat of the electrical furnace will melt sand alone. So to make glass commercially we are obliged to use an alkali in connection with the sand to be able to flux or vitrify it in an ordinary temperature, or such as can be maintained with the ordinary fuel at our command. In practice we use an alkali— preferably, carbonate of soda or potash. In connection with these two materials we have to add for a base, either lime or the oxide of lead. We use the nitrate of soda because it also has high fluxing properties, and has a tendency to make the “batch,” as we term it, boil; or, in other words, to set up a violent agitation which facilitates the melting. So we can say that ordinary glass is a double silicate of soda and lime; or, if we make the finer qualities, in which we use potash and lead, in that case it is a double silicate of potash and lead. So that sand, or, technically speaking, silicic acid, with lime and nitrate of soda, are the main constituents of ordinary glass; while sand and potash, with the oxide of lead. are the main constituents of the finer qualities of glass. We find more or less iron in nearly all materials in use, and this substance is the glass-maker’s constant enemy. So we use various decolorizing agents, principally oxide of manganese and nickel. In the case of the finer qualities of glass, where we wish to produce beautiful colors, we use various coloring agents— such metallic substances as cobalt for making blue, with the oxide of manganese for producing pink and gold, and selenium for making rich ruby colors, as well as uranium and cadmium for producing topaz and orange colors. In its nature glass is peculiar, differing from almost every other manufactured article. It is amorphous, having no line of cleavage, and, while crystalline in appearance, the laws of crystallization do not in any manner apply to it. To manufacture glass successfully and with uniform results, to make it commercially and meet the requirements of the trade, require constant vigilance on the part of the manufacturer, and sound judgment, founded on long experience. No manufacturer, no matter how much he knows himself as to how things should be done, and no matter how trustworthy he considers his men, is ever certain of results. When he fills his pots he can tell at what hour any particular pot of glass should be ready to work, but he can never be sure, because of the variable conditions to which the process is subjected. Moreover, when new pots are placed in the furnace, with walls from three to four inches thick, his “melt” will be much longer in preparation for working, than in the older pots whose walls may be worn down say to an inch in thickness. Then again, good glass may be spoiled by careless workmen “gathering” the glass when too hot or too cold. This produces streaky glass, or glass with blisters on it. Success in glassmaking can be obtained only approximately, and that by the exercise of constant vigilance and good judgment, and no manufacturer can say beforehand how much glass of a good quality he is going to be able to turn out in a given time. The following are the principal manufacturers of glass in the Pittsburgh district: PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANY The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, which was a consolidation of several independent plants, was incorporated in 1895. Its principal business is the manufacture of plate glass, which it sells over the world. The capacity of the company is about 50,000,000 feet of plate glass and 1.200,000 boxes of window glass per annum. The company owns and operates plate glass factories at Creighton, Tarentum, Ford City and Charleroi in Pennsylvania, Kokomo, Ind., and Crystal City, Mo., and window glass factories at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, and Clarksburg, W. Va. Plans were recently completed for the merger of the Columbia Chemical Company and the Patton Paint Company with the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, with a total authorized capitalization of $37,500,000. Acquisition of the chemical company was accomplished in order to insure to the glass company a supply of soda ash, while the glass company already had a controlling interest in the four paint and varnish companies comprising the Patton-Pitcairn interests, with no minority interests in any of the concerns. The consolidation gives the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company assets of $61,000,000 or $23. 500,000 in excess of the capitalization. The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company has about 8,000 employes on the pay roll. The new organization is as follows: W. L. Clause, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Charles W. Brown, President, E. B. Raymond, Vice-President, H. S. Wherrett, Vice-President, Ludington Patton, Vice-President, H. A. Galt, Vice-President, C. R. Montgomery, Secretary, Edward Pitcairn, Treasurer, Clarence M. Brown, General Counsel, S. S. Lindsay, Comptroller, J. F. Cargill, Purchasing Agent, J. M. Belleville, Traffic Manager. AMERICAN WINDOW GLASS MACHINE COMPANY The American Window Glass Machine Company controls the American Window Glass Company, having acquired this control by the exchange of one share each of the Machine company for the common stock of the Window Glass Company. The latter leases on a royalty basis the patent rights owned by the Machine Company. The original company was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania in August, 1899, and was formed by the acquisition of 20 companies, which at that time produced 5% of the window glass manufactured in the United States. The American Window Glass Machine Company was incorporated under the laws of New Jersey in 1903. It owns practically all of the stock of the American Window Glass Company, which is the largest manufacturer of window glass in the United States. Its capitalization consists of $6,998,993 cumulative 79, preferred stock and $12,997,993 common stock. There are no bonds or other funded debt. The company owns the exclusive rights in the United States to patents on machines for the manufacture of window glass, which rights are leased on a royalty basis to the American Window Glass Company. With the use of these machines window glass can be made more cheaply than by any other process. Through its subsidiary, the company is operating manufacturing plants in seven cities of Pennsylvania and Indiana. The Machine Company is paying 129%, dividends on the common stock and 7% on the preferred. The company has been uniformly successful in defending its ownership of patents, there having been much litigation against concerns for using the machines without license. Courts have decided that such companies are liable for every foot of glass made, :ogether with future royalties for the use of the machines. The American Window Glass Company blew glass by hand until 19038, when machines were adopted and installed for the mechanical drawing of window glass cylinders entirely abandoning the hand-blowing method. This improvement reduced the number of 41 hand-blowing plants to 6 machine-blowing plants. These are located at New Kensington, Jeannette, Belle Vernon, Monongahela City and Kane, all in Pennsylvania, and at Hartford City, Ind. The company inaugurated the “continuous tank” melting furnace in-the window glass industry and now operates the largest glass-making furnaces in the world. Its products include single strength and double strength window glass; 16-oz. picture glass, photographic dry plates, X-Ray plates, 26-oz. glass, 29-0z. glass, 84-0z. and +& crystal sheet. During the recent war, the company supplied all the glass for the army cantonments, and produced and shipped as high as 2,000,000 circles a week for use as lenses in gas masks. The products of the American Window Glass Company are well known in all parts of the world. UNITED STATES GLASS COMPANY The United States Glass Company is a Pennsylvania Corporation, organized in 1891 by the taking over of what at that time were among the largest and most prominent concerns in their particular branch of manufacture. It was one of the very first of industrial mergers, the same being formed with the idea of being able to make considerable savings in the cost of producing and marketing the product. Only the most successful concerns were included at the time and the company started operations under very promising conditions. The line produced is the largest of any concern in what is known as the pressed blown table glassware business, which does not mean that articles only for table and household uses are manufactured, but in reality the making of any article in glass which can be produced with the same or similiar equipment. Its product includes all kinds of articles for home and business purposes, such as Sugar and Cream Sets, Berry Dishes, Salt Bottles, Goblets, Tumblers, Water Pitchers Oil Bottles, Vases, etc., both in plain Crystal as well as Etched, Cut and Decorated. Also special ware, such as Blanks for Cutting, Door and Furniture Knobs, Automo- PLANT OF PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANY Forp City, PA. "ORKS AT CHARLERC PLANT OF MACBETH-EVANS GLASS COMPANY CHARLEROI, Pa. INTERIOR VIEW OF PLANT FOR DRAWING GLASS AMERICAN WINDOW GLASS COMPANY PirrsBURGH. PA. bile Lenses, Confectioners and Druggists’ Show Jars, Tobacco Jars, Glass Lamps, Soda Fountain Supplies, Battery Jars, Electric Instrument Covers, Jelly Tumblers; Pressed Lighting Glass such as Shades, Bowls for semiindirect illumination, ete. It is estimated that including with the plain crystal lines, the various lines of etchings, cuttings and decorations, as well as shapes and designs, the company manufactures over 20,000 different articles. The company operates nine producing plants, five in Pittsburgh, Pa., two in Glassport, Pa., one in Tiffin, Ohio, and one in Gas City, Indiana; also two general decorating shops and one special shop. It has a thoroughly experienced and efficient organization and employs approximately 3,000 people. Each plant has all the necessary equipment for the production of its particular line of ware, as well as the facilities for cutting, polishing, etching and decorating, where this work is done. The principal offices of the company are in Pittsburgh, where large sales display rooms are maintained containing one sample of each piece of ware manufactured by the company. Branch sales display rooms are also maintained at New York, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, London, England, Sydney, Australia, Mexico City, Mexico, and Havana, Cuba. The company further employs an efficient corps of traveling salesmen, some of whom cover South America, South Africa, and other distant points—so its ware is shipped over practically the entire world, and the company and its products are well regarded and favorably known wherever it does business. MACBETH-EVANS GLASS COMPANY The Macbeth-Evans Glass Company occupies the fourteenth floor of the Chamber of Commerce Building, Pittsburgh, and is the largest manufacturer of illuminating and industrial glass in America. This company was incorporated in 1899, being formed by merging the George A. Macbeth Company and the Thomas Evans Company, the new company afterwards absorbing the American Lamp Chimney Company and a little later the Hogan-Evans Company. The widespread use of petroleum from the oil fields of Western Pennsylvania created a great demand for lamp chimneys and made the production of those chimneys a great industry in itself. In 1869 the firm of Thomas Evans & Company was established. This became the greatest manufacturer of chimneys in the world. They operated the Crescent Glass Works at Eighteenth and Josephine Streets, on the South Side. The production of this firm reached the enormous figure of 12,000,000 lamp chimneys a year, 4,000,000 of which were decorated. This production, laid in line, would reach 1500 miles, and built up as a 10-foot hollow square, it would form a chimney over 9 miles high. Three years later the George A. Macbeth Co. was established and the chief product of this frm was lead glass chimneys, for which a very great demand was established. These two concerns, as previously stated, were merged with their later acquisitions, and the new company took over the patents on the Owens Glass Blowing Machine, which made it possible to increase many fold the production of lamp chimneys and other articles. The most important feature in connection with the consolidation of these companies, aside from the purchase of the glass blowing machine, was the bringing together of the two men, Mr. George A. Macbeth and Mr. Thomas Evans, one the antithesis of the other in many respects, but both well grounded in the intricate processes of glass-making, one a man of great imagination and the other more conservative, but admirably fitted by reason of keen business instinct, to direct the financial affairs of the new company. The new company was capitalized at $2,000,000 and grew very rapidly. One of its factories, located at Charleroi, a short distance from Pittsburgh, is one of the largest in the world, employing several thousand persons. The company also operates factories at Elwood, Ind., Toledo, Ohio, Bethevan, Ind., as well as a factory in Pittsburgh. It was at the Charleroi plant that many of the extraordinary things which have been done in glass, in recent years, were accomplished. Perhaps the most important of these things was the manufacture, for the first time in America, of the great lighthouse lenses used by the United States and other Governments in the lighthouses which protect the coasts and waterways. Some idea of the development of the glass industry can be formed from the fact that in this plant there are made seven different kinds of clear glass. Glass is made which can be subjected to very violent treatment, such as throwing it around without breaking. This glass is used in the steam gauges of large locomotives and in other places where a glass is required of sufficient toughness to resist great expansive forces. Special heat-resisting glass, used where it is sub.-ject to high temperatures, as in miners’ safety lamps, is also made here. Other products include all kinds of illuminating and industrial glassware, lantern globes, street lighting globes, lighting fixture glassware, ship lights, railway signal glass, chemical glassware and automobile lenses. It is, however, impossible to enumerate the multitude of different articles manufactured by this company, as the latest estimate placed the number at over 6.000. PITTSBURGH LAMP, BRASS & GLASS COMPANY The Pittsburgh Lamp, Brass & Glass Company was incorporated in 1902 under the laws of New Jersey with an authorized capital of $1,500,000, equally divided between preferred and common of the par value of $100 a share. The company was formed by the consolidation of the Pittsburgh Lamp and Brass Company of Allegheny, Pa., the Kopp Glass and Lamp Co. of Swissvale, Pa., the PLANT oF PrrrssurcH Lamp, Brass anp Grass CoMPANY FACTORY NO. I, NORTH SIDE, PITTSBURGH, PA. Fort Pitt Glass Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., and Dithridge & Company of Pittsburgh, Pa. They employ about 1200 working people, some of whom are highly skilled artists in their several lines. They produce electric, gas and oil lamps; lighting fixtures in great variety; a general line of glassware for lighting purposes, in clear, opaque and colored glass; decorated and etched glassware, and a varied line of signal glasses in different colors, for use in the navy and on railroads. The company’s brass works are on the North Side, Pittsburgh, and it has factories at Swissvale and Jeannette, Pa. The president of the company is W. L. Curry; Nicholas Kopp is Vice President and General Manager; W. F. McNaugher, Secretary and Assistant General Manager, and H. L. Brooks. Treasurer. C. L. FLACCUS GLASS COMPANY The business of this concern was established by C. L. Flaccus in 1879 and incorporated in 1904, with a capital stock of $500,000. This was increased in 1919 to $750,000, Its plants are located in Tarentum, Pa., and California, Pa. Tn 1919 a consolidation was effected, in which the Imperial Glass Co. of Charleroi, was merged with the C. L. Flaccus Glass Co. The company maintains selling agencies and warehouses in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland and Detroit. Its product includes a general line of hand-blown and machine-made bottles and jars. The company was the first to manufacture wide-mouth bottles and jars by the machine process in 1892. It was also the first to introduce natural gas in the melting of glass. This was done in 1881. The company’s general office is in the Empire Building, Pittsburgh. The officers are L. G. Flaccus, President; C. L. Flaccus, Jr., Vice President; J. C. Unverzagt, Treasurer and Secretary. THE PHOENIX GLASS COMPANY The Phoenix Glass Company was organized in 1880, by Andrew Howard, formerly connected with the Union Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, with a capitalization of $30,000. The company was reorganized in 1891, the capitalization being $700,000. Its plant is located at Monaca, Beaver County, Pa., on the New York Central Lines, and occupies a space of about ten acres. The com. pany was originally organized. for the manufacture of specialties, but later made a very large line of lamp chimneys, and was the first company west of the Allegheny Mountains to produce opal glass and rich cut glass. They are now the largest exclusive manufacturers of illuminating glassware in the United States, to which they devote their entire efforts. The product consists of glass for electric, oil and gas illumination, from the cheapest to the very highest grade of ware for this purpose, embracing plain. etched, cut, and the richest decorated ware. The largest proportion of the company’s product is sold in the United States and Canada, but it is also exported to all countries of the World. Nine hundred persons are employed, the majority of whom are skilled workmen. D. 0. CUNNINGHAM GLASS COMPANY The D. O. Cunningham Glass Company was established in 1849 and incorporated in 1898, under the laws of Pennsylvania. The capital is $245,000, in shares of $100 par, and the company has a surplus of $65,000. Its plant sccupies an entire city block on the South Side, Pittsburgh, and employs 250 people, in the production of soda bottles exclusively, by using O’Neil machinery. Its annual net sales are $300,000, and its yearly capacity is 800,000 gross of bottles. The officers of the company are H. V. Cunningham, President; L. S. Cunningham, Sr., Treasurer; and William James, Secretary and General Manager. The First National Bank at Pittsburgh is thoroughly zquipped to handle promptly and economically all matters pertaining to the export business of glass and other commodities. Tt finances cargoes of merchandise destined to any part of the World. Its large resources enable it to handle business of this kind. however large or complicated. All branches of International Banking are completely covered by our facilities. We issue drafts and make payments in all parts of the World. We handle Trade and Bankers’ Acceptances. All languages are spoken in our Foreign Department. Officers of this institution are trained bankers with a wide experience, and its directors are successful men in a large variety of enterprises, affording a broad scope of business knowledge. OFFICERS Lawrence E. Sanps. .. | Frank F. Brooks. CrypE C. TAYLOR. THos. B. Hupsox. Oscar WiLsow. . Wu. J. Frank. . . P. W. DaHINDEN. | J. PauL Forp. .. President ....Vice President ceueee.. Cashier ...... Assistant Cashier , Assistant Cashier .. Manager Foreign Department --.... Assistant Manager Foreign Department .... Assistant Manager Foreign Department DIRECTORS Jorn A. Buck... .... President, Big Four Oil & Gas Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank F. Brooxs. . . . Ww. L. Curry. . ., ... Manufacturer, Piitsburgh, Pa. Jonn A. Donavbson......... Vice President, Pittsburgh Coal Company J. Rocers FLANNERY. . .. . President, Flannary Bolt Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ww. H. HEARNE. . .. .... Director, La Belle Iron Works, Steubenville, O. J. H. HiLLMAN, JR.. President, Hillman Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. D. T. Layman, Jr... .. .. Henry Phipps’ Estate A. M. MORELAND. . .... «...Capitalist P. W. Morgan. .. -.... President, East Pittsburgh National Bank Wn. A. RENsHAW «o.... John A. Renshaw & Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. LAWRENCE E. SANDS .. President I IETS IE IIE EE IN PO TOES LEER IEA RELL R re asses Teesqpas bq qpp pss ese “tore "ee — } 1% uy We wl FIFTH AVENUE AND WOOD STREET CONVENIENT FOR YOU First National Bank at Pittsburgh CarrTAL .... ....% 4,000,000.00 SURPLUS. .......vovnnn. 2,000,000.00 Deposits ....... . 38,000,000.00 RESOURCES ... 50.000.000.00 pe een sn SE EE EE HE MEE rr ! : Q) ; | i> 3 EY no NY 5 NC © th > tn \) — — vy -_ - ar nm he ~ - -) = 0D OQ CD QQ NY QD. a 0) —~) 0 ir} > ~ 0) ye -4 J ° n nN Vv _—~ jos] © > % a pled ” - 1 3 ; a short distance from Pittsburgh, is one of the largest in the world, employing several thousand persons. The company also operates factories at Elwood, Ind., Toledo, Ohio, Bethevan, Ind., as well as a factory in Pittsburgh. It was at the Charleroi plant that many of the extraordinary things which have been done in glass, in recent years, were accomplished. Perhaps the most important of these things was the manufacture, for the first time in America, of the great lighthouse lenses used by the United States and other Governments in the lighthouses which protect the coasts and waterways. Some idea of the development of the glass industry can be formed from the fact that in this plant there are made seven different kinds of clear glass. Glass is made which can be subjected to very violent treatment, such as throwing it around without breaking. This glass is used in the steam gauges of large locomotives and in other places where a glass is required of sufficient toughness to resist great expansive forces. Special heat-resisting glass, used where it is subject to high temperatures, as in miners’ safety lamps, is also made here. Other products include all kinds of lluminating and industrial glassware, lantern globes, street lighting globes, lighting fixture glassware, ship lights, railway signal glass, chemical glassware and automobile lenses. It is, however, impossible to enumerate the multitude of different articles manufactured by this company, as the latest estimate placed the number at over 6.000. x f { PITTSBURGH LAMP, BRASS & GLASS COMPANY The Pittsburgh Lamp, Brass & Glass Company was incorporated in 1902 under the laws of New Jersey with an authorized capital of $1,500,000, equally divided between preferred and common of the par value of $100 a share. The company was formed by the consolidation of the Pittsburgh Lamp and Brass Company of Allegheny, Pa., the Kopp Glass and Lamp Co. of Swissvale, Pa., the I ey