Tp fe or Ln Ta Cp FY An edition of 100 of which this 1s No, 47 ~ » oy ” This volume is a combination of a series of booklets published by the First National Bank at Pittsburgh, in axposition of our city’s progress in business and culture. It is fitting that this record be dedicated to the memory of the late beloved president of the First National Bank, Mr. Lawrence E. Sands, whose vision ind work has made a very deep impression upon the zeneral welfare of this community. May we hope that this volume will be worthy of a place in your library, not only for your own pleasure and information, but also for any inspiration it may furnish for a future generation to maintain and enhance the fine sraditions of the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK AT PITTSBURGH, PrrrsBurcH, Pa. HE 1 1 HE A I I I RET TOI EEL EDIT EEO EOI ASP ES ET A Es AH er TE TSC er The Story of PITTSBURGH Volume One Number Seven RADIUM First National Bank at Pittsburgh August. 1921 OD SOAS. Cm THE LATE JOSEPH M. FLANNERY The Story of Pittsburgh RADIUM Co HEN over one hundred thousand dollars is raised by popular subscription taken in all parts of the country, to pay for a thimbleful of Radium to be presented by the President of the United States, at the White House, to Madame Curie, the discoverer of Radium, as a gift from the women of America, there is interest in the story of how this material is obtained, why it has this value and what makes it of present and of future importance to the civilization of the world. How the United States is the foremost Radium pro- ducing country, and Pittsburgh is the Radium center of the world, and how it owes this pre-eminence to the work of one man, Joseph M. Flannery, of Pittsburgh, as distinctly as France owes to Madame Curie, the honor of first making Radium known to the world, are details in the story of Radium that make an interesting chapter in the history of the development of the natural resources of the Americas, That Mr. Flannery gained much of the mining experience and no small part of the money he was able to put into his work for Radium, when he was developing the Vanadium deposits of the Peruvian Andes, is a detail that will be of present interest to Latin America and of permanent interest in the full story of how the greatest supply of Radium was made available for the benefit of the world. In 1895, soon after the discovery of the X-rays, Pro- fessor Henri Becquerel, of the University of Paris, under- took an exhaustive study to learn whether some metals after exposure to sunlight would shine when brought into a dark room, and if they did, whether that light would act as the newly discovered X-rays, that had the power to pass through thick and light proof paper. By good fortune, Professor Becquerel used some Uran- ium for these studies. By accident, he found this Uranium was sending forth rays that had the power to act as the X-rays,—to penetrate thick and light proof paper, and after such penetration to affect a photographic plate as the sun- light did. He found that his Uranium did this whether or not it was first exposed to sunlight; in other words that the sunlight could not in any way be said to be the cause of these rays. Uranium had been known to the world for over a hun- dred years. That it possessed this power to emit rays of this penetrating nature, was something as new asit was astonishing. For years, Uranium had been used to color glass, especially the fine glasses that made much of the specialized handiwork of the glass makers of Bohemia. Marie Sklodowski, of Poland, at this time was a student at the University of Paris doing post graduate work in physics and in chemistry under Professors Becquerel and Curie, The extent and accuracy of her training and the pre- cision and clarity of her mind and methods, won for her the professional respect and regard of her instructors. Professor Becquerel and the scientific minds of the University of Paris and of Europe were so impressed with the importance of knowing what caused the strange rays Becquere] had found in his Uranium that special work was planned to discover the secret. Of them, he could learn only that they were electrical. Marie Sklodowski was invited to undertake the study and investigation of the problem, by Professor Becquerel. She accepted and carried through to completion, what has since been described as one of the most comprehensive and conclusive scientific studies of the age. With characteristic directness, she went first to the mines from which had been taken the ore that had given the Uranium to Professor Becquerel. This was called pitchblende; and, as was known to all the laboratories of Europe, it was a combination of most of the well known metals. At these mines, this pitchblende ore was thrown away after the Uranium had been taken from it. This refuse was examined, and found to give rays with four times the intensity of the rays that Professor Becquerel had first noticed. This suggested, if it did not force the conclusion, that there was an unknown something in this refuse. The search for this small quantity of hitherto undis- covered material is one of the most remarkable pieces of scientific work in verification of a previous train of rea- soning. Three years before its completion, Professor Curie, of the Sorbonne, of Paris, who had made a name for himself as a daring and original worker, had won the love and the hand of Marie Sklodowski. Together, they worked at :his problem through years of depression and even of poverty. It was only the courage of Madame Curie that sustained and carried through the task. She never lost faith; and, as Professor Curie publicly admitted, when he was for abandoning the effort, his wife’s striving, dauntless spirit refused to even think of defeat. The eventual discovery was made by the application of methods that mark the utmost refinement achieved by science for the measurement of small quantities. In brief, and in non-technical language, this work was based upon the fact that dry air is not a conductor of electricity. By appropriate means, however, it can be broken up, so that it will be a conductor. The X-rays had demonstrated that they would break up the air through which they passed and make it a conductor of electricity. The rays that had just been detected as coming from Uranium proved that they can convert the air through which they passed into a feeble conductor of electricity, with more or less of completeness, according to their ntensity. By ingeniously devised and delicately adjusted elec- ical equipment, Madame Curie tested the extent to which each of the components into which she separated the refuse pitchblende ore she found at the mines, gave rays that made air a conductor of electricity. This gave her a measure of the unknown material that might be causing these rays, in the sample under examination. By eliminating the weaker samples and concentrating her work and attention on those that manifested these rays in the greatest intensity, after thousands of these tests, and nearly three years of the most exacting effort, she found a material that was millions of times more intense in these rays than the Uranium in which Professor Becquerel had first, accidentally, detected them. She called this material, —Radium. For her years of work, self-sacrifice, and toil, with tons of ore, she had a few thousandths of a thimbleful of material. From this she was able, later, to obtain a pure white metal, which had an atomic weight of 226; which melted at 700 degrees Centigrade and which when exposed to the air quickly lost its metallic form by combining with other materials in the atmosphere to form salts. This was the pure Radium element. With her Radium,—Madame Curie and her husband soon gave the scientific world the proof that Radium intro- duced a new conception into the fundamental problems of existence. She proved that every three quarters of an hour the heat from a gram, (a thimbleful) of Radium is sufficient to change a quantity of water equal in weight to the Radi- um, from freezing to boiling point. This was a fact that compelled and still holds the attention of the scientific world. This is the fact that makes Radium the most interesting and the most important material in the earth. Heat means energy, power, work. Heat and light may oe obtained in many ways, but it is a new thing to find it being given off by a substance, as it is by Radium, year in and year out, without any apparent intermission or dimin- ation and without the substance being in any way con- sumed or altered. Before noting how the rays from Radium contribute to the life of today and what the heat from Radium holds of promise for the future, let us review the record of the MADAME CURIE This photograph shows Madame Curie at work in her laboratory at the College de France, which is known as [nstitute Curie. work that has made the United States the foremost Radium producing country of the world. While Madame Curie, by discovering Radium, wrested from the earth a secret that will make an epoch in the ascent of man to knowledge and through knowledge to physical power and dominion over Nature, she produced very little Radium. This was no fault of hers. She was denied the ores with which to work. With the generosity that proves the true disciple of science, she gave all the little Radium she won, to the medical profession of Europe. A very small portion even found its way to New York City. In 1911, Joseph M. Flannery, of Pittsburgh, after long and serious thought, determined that the United States and the world, should and must have a supply of Radium. He had demonstrated business ability and won financial success in improving and causing a great demand for an important part of the modern locomotive. He had won greater success, first by proving the merits of Vanadium as an alloy for steel; and then by one of the most dramatic and successful campaigns of education and salesmanship the steel world has known, secured its general use. To his restless, striving, daring spirit, Radium offered a new appeal. Taking Vanadium from the summit of the Peruvian Andes, carrying it to the seacoast, shipping it the long way to Pittsburgh and preparing it for the steel mills, had taught him much of men and of methods that does not come into the experience of those that win success within State or National limits. He determined to apply all of his time and his talent to the production of Radium. Withdrawing from all active participation in his Vana- dium interests, he gave all his attention to a study of the Radium bearing ores that might be available to him. The ores of Europe were out of the question. The Austrian Government had promptly made a monopoly of the ores that Madame Curie had found to contain Radium. The few deposits that were reported and found in other parts of the world were not of sufficient extent to justify serious consideration, and Mr. Flannery was interested in and determined to try for quantity production. In a desolate section of Southwestern Colorado and in Southwestern Utah there were large deposits of an ore called Carnotite. These cover a territory of about eight hundred square miles. The district in which the greater quantity of these ores was to be found is about sixty-five miles from any railroad and so mountainous that in many places there is a rise or fall in the local trails of two thous- and feet in a mile. Prior to the World War carnotite ores from these Colorado deposits were shipped abroad for French and German production of Radium on a small scale. The embargoes on shipping stopped this export completely, although it had been falling off in quantity. With the decision that these Colorado fields must be the source from which to obtain his ores, Mr. Flannery gave every thought to ways and means. The ore fields are five thousand feet above the sea level. The region was uninhabited and there was little to attract even the pro- spector and less to hold the type of men that could hope fo find a solution of the many different problems involved. In the European ores with which Madame Curie had worked, there was about a gram of Radium in every five or six tons. In the Colorado ores, there is only one gram of Radium in every five or six hundred tons of ore, and in order to obtain each of these five or six hundred tons, it is frequently necessary to handle one hundred tons of worth- less material. The men that had worked with the European ores were so few, they could be counted easily. They were unwilling to work in the wilderness of Colorado. For the new con- ditions, Mr. Flannery trained new men. Headquarters were established at a point central to the work as a whole. A concentration mill was built at a point that was convenient to the manv ore claims that he hought and leased. Burros were used to carry the ores from the deposits in the mountains to this mill, and to carry back to the miners the water and other supplies, for all of which they were dependent upon the general headquarters. Where the ore appeared on the surface and along the rim rocks. One of the Radium Mines of the Standard Chemical Company, in the wilds of Colorado. The Company has made a total of nearly three miles of tunnels such as this mining for Radium bearing ores. This Tunnel is about 165 feet from the surface of the ground. its extraction was comparatively easy, with small charges of dynamite. When as more frequently happens, the deposits are found under a heavy overload of other material, regular mining tunnels are run and dynamite charges used to break the rock and other material so that it may be carried to the surface. In size, the ore bodies vary from pockets containing a few pounds to deposits yielding as much as 1800 tons in very exceptional cases. As there are often no indications leading to a deposit of ore, prospecting is done by drilling in what seem likely spots with jack hammers and with diamond drills. When ‘here is not more than twenty-five feet of earth and other material over any ore, the jack hammer driven by com- pressed air is the cheapest method of working. To operate “hese hammers, portable gasoline compressors are used. The extremely irregular nature of the ore bodies makes it difficult to follow a definite plan of mining. To meet these conditions, use is made of the diamond drill. As these drills bring®to the surface specimens of the material through which the boring is made, the Standard Chemical Company has definite knowledge of about what ore may be found beneath any given area of the extensive claims to which it has title. This detailed and expensive study of this region has proved of great value to the Government in connection with a thought that it might have been necessary to make the radium ore lands a Government monopoly. At the Concentration Mill in the wilds of Colorado, five hundred tons of ore are reduced to a powdered form and sacked. These sacks, weighing about 70 pounds, are transported by wagon, and where possible, by motor truck, the sixty- five miles to Placerville, Colorado. There, a narrow gauge railroad takes it to the transcontinental railroad at Salida. Colorado. From Salida, it travels the two thousand three hundred miles to Canonsburg, Pa., just outside of Pittsburgh. where the Company maintains its refining plant. At the mill in Colorado, and in the operations per- taining to it, some three hundred men are kept busy. At the Canonsburg plant, two hundred men are neces- sary to carry through all the detailed work. When this ore is taken up by the Colorado mill, there is only one part Radium for every four hundred million parts of the ore. As this ore reaches the mill at Canonsburg, there is one aundred million parts of the ore for every one part of Radium. The task of the Canonsburg men is to reduce this mass of ore to less than a quarter of a ton and to have the Radium that may be in the greater mass, in the small residue. This is done with regularity and precision, notwith- standing that, to eliminate this one hundred million parts of undesirable material, this Canonsburg plant has to use ten thousand tons of distilled water, a thousand tons of coal and five hundred tons of chemicals. What small quantity of Vanadium aid Uranium there may be in this material, is saved while this reduction is being made. The actual recovery of whatever Radium there may be in the tons of material handled at these two great’ con- centration plants, is made elsewhere. When the material that reached Canonsburg from the mill in the West has been reduced to less than a quarter of a ton, this residue is sent to the Radium Research Laboratories of the Com- pany in the City of Pittsburgh. As it reaches this Laboratory, this material is in the form of radium barium chloride. By successive fractional erystallizations of the radium chloride, and at a later stage, of the bromide, most of the Radium is obtained in a salt containing over 95 per cent of pure Radium bromide. By further chemical treatment, the bromide is converted into the sulphate or the chloride, and in the therapeutic ase of Radium, these two salts find the largest use. The first Radium produced in the United States was obtained in these Radium Research Laboratories of the The Largest Radium Concentration Mill in the World. The Mill of the Standard Chemical Company of Pittsburgh, in the wilds of Colorado. This was the first Radium Concentration Mill erected in America. It is located in Southwestern Colorado, sixty-five miles from any railroad. i Through this Mill has passed all the Ore from which has been refined more than half of all the Radium now available in the world. The methods for extracting Radium from the low grade ores of America, first worked out in this Mill, are now the basis for all the work that is done in this country for the extraction of Radium. This Mill was erected by Joseph M. Flannery, of Pittsburgh in 1911. The Radium Research Laboratories of the Standard Chemical Company, of Pittsburgh. This is a view of what is called the Crystallization Room. After 500 tons of Ore has been reduced to less than a quarter of a ton, it is in the form of Radium barium chloride. In that form it is brought to these Laboratories, and after treatment for four weeks, whatever Radium may have been in the original ore, is recovered. Between the time the ore is first mined and the time it reaches these Laboratories, it has been handled for a period of five months in the Concentration Mill in the West and in the Radium Refining Plant just outside the City of Pittsburgh. Standard Chemical Company, in 1918. Since ther, -roduction of the Company has been as follows. 1913... “rams 1914. . 1915. . 1916. . 1917......... 1918......... 1019.......... 1920. .......... Cea 1921 to April 1st... ........ the Total................. 71.8 Radium preparations in the United States are spoken of and measured in terms of Radium element. Until recently in European scientific circles, Radium has been referred to in the terms of Radium bromide. Crystalline radium bromide when pure, contains 53.6 per cent of Radium element. This fact and the method of measure- ment of Radium preparations in Europe prior to the adoption of the International Radium Standard, had not a little to do with the earlier unsatisfactory work with Radium. There was no common standard. The original method of measuring Radium consisted in comparing iis activity with that of Uranium. During the fourteen years this system of measurement prevailed, scientific men spoke of Radium as “two million times more active than Uranium.” Trained minds, of course, understood that what was meant was that the quantity of electrical energy emitted in the rays of the Radium, small though it was, was two million times greater than that contained in the rays from Uranium. Such a ratio of comparison was entirely unsuitable for use especially with small quantities, and about 1912, by common consent, Madame Curie was asked to prepare what would be an International Radium Standard. This is deposited at Paris. Duplicates are in the leading capitals of the world, and Radium preparations are now measured by comparing the electrical energy carried by the gamma rays from the preparation to be measured with the energy carried by the gamma rays of What is Believed to be the Total World Supply of Radium. Estimated at 140 Grams, or 5 Ounces. The lower, White, portion of the Tube shows the total amount of Radium produced by the Standard Chemical Company of Pittsburgh. The centre, dark portion shows the total portion of the world supply, refined by other American Producers. The top, white portion, shows the total estimated por- tion of the whole world supply, refined in Europe. The telephone receiver and tube are placed together in order to show relative dimensions and give an approxi- mation of the volume of radium in the world. the International Standard or of some certified duplicate of it. In 1914, the United States Bureau of Standards at Washington, obtained a certified duplicate of the Inter- national Radium Standard and since then practically all quantities of Radium in this country have been measured by comparison with it. For use by the medical profession, Radium is measured and sold by the Gram, i. e., a small thimbleful. The price of a Gram is $120,000. The gram is divided into a thousand parts, each of which is called a milligram. These sell for $120 each. The average physician who has Radium has from 50 to 250 milligrams. When each preparation has been made up in the special form designated by the physi- cian, the purity of the Radium and the accuracy of detail of the container, is certified to by the Head of the Radium Research Laboratories of the Company. The preparation is then transmitted to the Bureau of Standards at Wash- ington for comparison with the Government’s duplicate of the International Radium Standard. With the official certificate of the Bureau of Standards, the preparation is then sent to the purchaser with the request that he examine and note that the seals of the United States Government are unbroken. This gives him the best of guarantees as to the Radium he has purchased from the Company. Therapeutically, there has been a gradual and steady increase in the use of Radium since 1912. With this increased demand, the production of Radium has kept pace. The earlier, over enthusiastic statements of the value of Radium in the treatment of Cancer, have not been wholly confirmed and Radium is far from being the panacea in the treatment of diseases. Nevertheless, in the use of Radium, in certain types of advanced, inoperable cancer, gives palliation by the relief of pain and freeing from foul smelling discharges. This degree of palliation can be attained by no other treatment, and if used for this alone, Radium would be considered invaluable. In other types of cancerous growths, Radium has produced cures, and surgeons throughout the world are gradually admitting that Radium is a necessary adjunct in the treatment of cancer, giving in some cases more satisfactory results than any other method. Because of this increasing demand for Radium on the part of the medical profession of this country and of the world, James C. Gray, the President and General Counsel of the Company, is determined not only that the Standard Chemical Company maintain its record as the greatest producer of Radium in the world, but to have it make available for the medical profession of the world an even greater quantity of the highest purity Radium. Of the total available supply of Radium in the world, estimated to be about 140 grams, the Standard Chemical Company has produced, to April 1st of this year, 71.8 grams. Of the total of 18.5 grams of high purity Radium pro- duced by the Standard Chemical Company during 1920, Mr. Gray permitted only about one-eighteenth, or 1.2 grams, to be used for what may be said to be commercial purposes, i. e., luminous dials for Army and Navy Instru- ments of precision needed for night operations, and for watch and clock dials. It is in the form of Radium Luminous Compound more popularly called Paint, that Radium is used in the indus- ‘rial world. How such an expensive material as Radium may be used on the dials of comparatively inexpensive watches, has always been a point of interest to the general public. Radium is used for this work, each watch dial containing a minute portion of real Radium, and the reason why this may be and is so, explains some of the wonder of Radium, and makes it easier for the average reader to understand how and why Radium in larger quantities is effective when brought into contact with diseased tissue when used by ‘he medical profession. The luminous material seen on watch and clock dials is a combination of a most minute portion of real radium and a specially prepared zinc sulphide. If one of these dials be examined by a good reading glass, in the dark, after the eyes of the examiner have been in darkness for about five minutes, the luminous material will be seen to be seething with scintillations or tiny flashes of light. These flashes are caused by the explosions of the atoms in the minute portion of real radium in the mixture. These atoms have been found to be so small that two hundred and fifty million of them would probably be required to cover one inch. As each atom explodes, a particle flies from it as a projectile from a gun. These particles are too small to be seen under the most powerful microscope. But scientists have found that when one of these particles is suddenly stopped by striking a crystal of zinc sulphide, the heat is sufficient to make a flash of light the eye can see. These are the flashes seen under a good reading glass. They occur at the rate of 200,000 a second on the average luminous dial on the average watch bought in commercial routine. It is the combined light of all the flashes of light seen under the reading glass that makes the light or glow that makes the dial visible in the dark without a reading glass. The brightness and durability of a Radium luminous dial depends on the number of these tiny flashes per seconds. The more Radium, the more flashes and the brighter the dial. But every flash means a blow upon a crystal of zinc sulphide. These crystalscannotstand theseblowsindefinitely. They break down under them, and when this happens, there are no more flashes and the dial loses its glow. The zinc has failed, not the Radium. Only one twenty-fifth of one per cent of any quantity of Radium disintegrates or is lost in a year. From a gram of Radium, a small thimbleful, there are about 184 billion projectile-like particles every second. Crystals of zinc sulphide would break down very quickly if exposed to such a bombardment. By reducing the percentage of Radium until the number of these particles flying from the exploding atoms of the radium on each dial, was about 200,000 per second, it has been found that the dial would have a brightness easily visible in darkness and for a period of about five years. This means that the quantity of Radium on the average dial cannot be more than about one millionth of a gram, and it is only such a minute quantity that is on the average I With this demonstration open to everyone that has or that may use a luminous dial watch for a few minutes a night, of what is accomplished by the rays from only a millionth of a gram of radium, and with only the weakest of the rays, it will be of interest to read how Doctor Robert Abbe, of New York City, one of the first physicians in America to use Radium and to prove its value to the medical profession, describes its action when applied by the trained physician, to cancer: “Now, let us consider cancer small or large. With a small cancer we can see and study its effects, and we find on applying a little Radium to it, holding the radium over the cancer and letting it bombard it with its peculiar qualities or electrons, that with that bombardment, is carried something that reduces that malignant growth and devitalizes it, so the cells are reduced to their normal growth; in other words, we have cured the disease instead of simply removing it.” The use that Madame Curie has announced she will make of the Radium given her by the women of America reminds us of the importance of what Radium offers for the future of civilization, and why itis that Radium is the most interesting material in the world. We have seen that Madame Curie and her husband proved to the scientific world that Radium is constantly siving out heat, in quantities millions of times greater than that obtainable from an equal quantity of coal. All of the powerful resources of the modern laboratory, ex- tremes of heat and of cold, and of pressure, violent chemical reagents, the action of powerful explosives and the most intense electrical agencies, do not affect this emission of heat from Radium in the slightest degree. Madame Curie wishes and hopes to find some new light 1pon the possibility of controlling this output of heat. This can be accomplished best, as we now see it, by finding some possible method to control or to influence the breaking up of the atoms of Radium. For over a hundred years the scientific world adhered to the belief and taught that atoms are indestructible. Now it believes that it is the breaking up of these atoms that causes the astonishing output of energy Radium is making manifest. By gain- ing control of the breaking up of the atoms of Radium, there is reason to hope that we may find a way to solve this problein, not because Radium could be used as a source of future energy, but because Radium is so like many of the more plentiful materials of the earth, we may hope that by applying to them the knowledge gained with Radium, we may have available for the work and convenience of the world, sources of energy as much above those of the present day as the modern steam and electrical installations are superior to the muscular power of primitive man. The First National Bank appreciates this opportunity of presenting the facts of Radium discovery and produe- sion, and of enlightening the public on the subject. Rad- lum is a new product of the mineral world, and general snowledge of its production and its powers is not easily attainable nor clearly understood. An effort has been made in this booklet to present the subject in popular language, free of technical terms, and to make the properties of the wonderful substance as clear to the reader as possible. The First National Bank at Pittsburgh is thoroughly equipped to handle promptly and economically all matters pertaining to the export business of every commodity. [t finances cargoes of merchandise destined to any part of the World. Its large resources enable it to handle business of this kind, however large or complicated. OFFICERS LAwRreNCE E. SanDs Frank F. Brooks Crype C. TAYLOR THos. B. Hupsox Oscar WILSON . WM. J. Frank Manager Foreign Department P. W. DAHINDEN . Assistant Manager Foreign Department I. PavL ForDp . . Assistant Manager Foreign Department DIRECTORS Joun A. Beck President Big Four Oil & Gas Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank F. Brooks . . + Vice President Wu. L. Curry . Manufacturer, Pittsburgh, Pa. Joun A. DonaLpsoN . . . . Vice President Pittsburgh Coal Company WM. H. HEARNE . . . Director La Belle Iron Works, Steubenville, O. J. H. BiLLMAN, JR. Chair. of Board Hillman Coal & Coke Co., Fittsburgh, Pa. D. T. Layman, Jr. . +. Henry Phipps Estate A. M. MORELAND «+ Capitalist P. W. Morgan President East Pittsburgh National Bank Wu. A. RENSHAW John A. Renshaw & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. LAwRENCE E. SanDs . President Isaac M. ScorT foun M. WiLsoN NEW YORK, SHICAGO, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON, ST.LOUIS, PITTSBURGH, MILWAUKEE, CETROIT. SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, SEATTLE. SABLE ADDRESS PRICEWATER DITTSBURGH. PRICEWATERIIOUSE & CoO. PEOPLES IBBUILIDING. MONTREAL, rORONTO, NINNIPEG, VANCOUVER, BUENOS AIRES, CAIRO, RIO DE UANEIRD, ALEXANDRIA JALPARAIS OC. LONDON, PARIS, PETROGRAD. PITTS BURGH, May 16 1921 We have examined the books and accounts of the First National Bank at Pittsburgh as of March 24, 1921, and certify that in our opinion the loans and investments, cash and other assets were conservatively stated, and the balance sheet of that date showed the true financial condition of thie bank. (8 ateksts “» To OUR STEADY GROWTH TELLS ITS OWN STORY DEPOSITS June 30, 1916........... June 30, 1917. June 30, 1918 ... June 30, 1919 . June 30, 1920. . JUNE 30, 1921. $16,637,706. 16 20,490,114. 56 23,324,180. 66 26,157,167 . 34 31,204,965 . 28 28,919,080.48 HIER = = ny gE REE LE PEO DE RE DOF ORE LEDs nr IS I LTE IL AEN TRIES Ip pare FIFTH AVENUE AND WOOD STREET CONVENIENT FOR YOU First National Bank at Pittsburgh CAPITAL ......... SURPLUS .... ceeer....$4,000,000.00 .. 2.000.000.00 HEE ERE EEE ETE CE ESE EEE SEE ET ESSE EE LI 3 2 on g :Q 3 1m J = i Px 3 aa le r nN w ES RK oy tn > ‘TY ND oo = ~~ = op { EE! ~ = ol [{e) oO Ca) = NY So -— Q ~~ wo =~ > N be seething with scintillations or tiny flashes of light. These flashes are caused by the explosions of the atoms in the minute portion of real radium in the mixture. These atoms have been found to be so small that two hundred and fifty million of them would probably be required to cover one inch. As each atom explodes, a particle flies from it as a projectile from a gun. These particles are too small to be seen under the most powerful microscope. But scientists have found that when one of these particles is suddenly stopped by striking a crystal of zinc sulphide, the heat is sufficient to make a flash of light the eye can see. These are the flashes seen under a good reading glass, They occur at the rate of 200,000 a second on the average luminous dial on the average watch bought in commercial routine. It is the combined light of all the flashes of light seen under the reading glass that makes the light or glow that makes the dial visible in the dark without a reading glass. The brightness and durability of a Radium luminous dial depends on the number of these tiny flashes per seconds. The more Radium, the more flashes and the brighter the dial. But every flash means a blow upon a crystal of zine sulphide. These crystalscannotstand these blows indefinitely. They break down under them, and when this happens, there are no more flashes and the dial loses its glow. The zinc has failed, not the Radium. Only one twenty-fifth of one per cent of any quantity of Radium disintegrates or is lost in a year. From a gram of Radium, a small thimbleful, there are about 134 billion projectile-like particles every second. Crystals of zinc sulphide would break down very quickly if exposed to such a bombardment. By reducing the percentage of Radium until the number of these particles flying from the exploding atoms of the radium on each dial, was about 200,000 per second, it has been found that the dial would have a brightness easily visible in darkness and for a period of about five years. This means that the quantity of Radium on the average dial cannot be more than about one millionth of a gram, and it is only such a minute quantity that is on the average ial. 13 i — : j Q 0 o 0 > oo ~ > 4 m