under them, and the “lighter ends” (gasoline, kerosenes, 
etc.) are distilled off. Because those ingredients vaporize 
more readily, they pass off, while the lubricating stocks, from 
which lubricating oils are made, remain. During the process 
of refining, the paraffin is removed. The lubricating stocks 
are filtered through clean fullers earth to remove impurities 
and to produce the body and color of the motor lubricating 
oil desired. The theory is, that as the oil globules pass through 
this fullers earth, carbon and other particles of impurity are 
attracted to it and held by the particles of earth. 
The Freedom Oil Works is one of the oldest firms of its 
kind in the Pittsburgh district. Started in 1879, it was in- 
corporated under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, on 
April 17, 1889, with a capitalization of $50,000. Among the 
men originally interested and still connected with the com- 
pany are August J. Minke, Vice-President, and E. J. Bischoff- 
berger, Manager. In 1890 Joseph W. Craig of Pittsburgh, 
well known in the oil and natural gas industry, purchased the 
zontrolling interest in the company and became its President, 
which position he occupied until his death, which occured in 
the early part of 1912. During the life of Mr. Craig the busi- 
ness progressed and grew until it became necessary to in- 
crease the capital stock in 1901 to $250,000. At the death of 
Joseph W. Craig, Percy L. Craig was elected to succeed him 
as President, which position he has occupied since that time. 
In 1914 the capital stock was increased to $500,000, and 
in 1922 to $1,500,000. The company has occupied the same 
site for its refinery since its inception. It also owns thirty- 
five distributing branches located in the principal towns and 
cities of Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio, and North- 
western West Virginia. 
The present officers are: Percy L. Craig, President; A. J. 
Minke, Vice President; Earle M. Craig, Assistant to the 
President; C. E. McKee, Secretary and Treasurer; E. J. 
Bischoffberger, Manager. 
SOUTH PENN OIL CO. 
The South Penn Oil Co. was incorporated under the laws 
Pennsylvania on May 27, 1889, for the purpose of pro-