An edition of 100 of which this is No i E Precented to This volume is a combination of a series of booklets published by the First National Bank at Pittsburgh, in exposition of our city’s progress in business and culture. It is fitting that this record be dedicated to the memory of the late beloved president of the First National Bank, Mr. Lawrence E. Sands, whose vision and work has made a very deep impression upon the general welfare of this community. May we hope that this volume will be worthy of a place in your library, not only for your own pleasure and information, but also for any inspiration it may furnish for a future generation to maintain and enhance the fine traditions of the City of Pittsburgh. Pennsvlvania THE FirsT NaTioNAL BANK AT PrrrseurcH, PitTsBUurRGH, Pa, Ce AE Er DAE TTT fe The Story of PITTSBURGH Volume One Number Fourteen Education [ pa] First National Bank at Pittsburgh April, 1928 This booklet, prepared and published by the First National Bank at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is one of a series issued, from time to time, since August, 1919, portraying the various industries of the Pittsburgh district, with the intention of emphasizing the importance of Pittsburgh as a commercial, educational and financial metropolis. A large number of its many industries have been described in the booklets, of which fourteen, in all, have been published, to date. The following is a list of the subjects discussed, with the date of Issue: Vol. 1, No. 1—Introductory Booklet... . . August, 1919 Vol. 1, No. 2—TIron and Steel. ....... .. .September, 1919 Vol. 1, No. 3—Iron and Steel (Part 2)... January, 1920 Vol. 1, No. 4—Coal and Coke. ........ .June, 1920 Vol. 1, No. 5—Glass. .. ......December, 1920 Vol. 1, No. 6—Electrical Appliances. . . . .March, 1921 Vol. 1, No. 7—Radium. .. .. ... August, 1921 Vol. 1, No. 8—Cement and Concrete. . . . December, 1921 Vol. 1, No. 9—Clay Products. ...... .December, 1922 Vol. 1, No. 10—Petroleumn and Natural Gas....... .December, 1923 Vol. 1, No. 11—Petroleum and Natural Gas (Part 2)... .......December, 1924 Vol. 1, No. 12—Food Products. ......... .December, 1925 Vol. 1, No. 13—Diversified Products. . . . . .April, 1927 Vol. 1, No. 14—Education. April. 1928 The Story of Pittsburgh Education a oT HE remarkable position held by Pittsburgh in the fields of industrial enterprise has been detailed to a large extent by the previous issues of the series of booklets, entitled “The Story of Pittsburgh,” and prepared by the First National Bank. An equally remarkable place is held by this city in altruistic lines. It is the purpose of this book to show the high situation held by Pittsburgh in other matters than those relating to manufactures, or incidental to the amassing of money. The mind is cultivated in Pittsburgh, and the needs of the soul are adequately considered. The educational facilities of the city range from the public and parochial schools to the college and the technical school and university, while the training of ministers of the Gospel goes on in theological seminaries. One of these latter institutions co-operates in the support and control of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and offers students the unique facilities afforded by that school, affording opportunities which have never before been open to American students, with arrangements made to reduce the expenses of such students to the lowest point. Great work In astronomy is done in this city, and the achievements of the Allegheny Observatory and of the scientists who have been connected with that institution are known the whole world over. Pittsburgh has always been a warm supporter of religion, and the number of churches, of various denominations, scattered all over its territory, tells of the deep feeling of devotion to religion which pervades the community. The Bellefield district presents one of the finest civic centers in the world. In one view will soon be seen the great Cathedral of Learning, under construction by the University of Pittsburgh, surrounded by many present university buildings. Not far away is the Pitt Stadium. There has been standing for many years the magnificent St. Paul’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, one of the really great ecclesiastical edifices in the United States. Many fine churches of other denominations are in view. Schenley Park lies in the district, with its beautiful forests and fields and lakes, in which is located Phipps conservatory. Immediately adjoining are the many buildings of the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institute. Not far away is the fine building of the United States Bureau of Mines. Other important buildings in this great civic center include the Allegheny County Soldiers’ Memorial, Eighteenth Regiment Armory, administration building of the Board of Public Education, in process of erection, Schenley High School, Catholic High School, Western Pennsylvania School for the Blind, Syria Mosque, Masonic Hall, Pittsburgh Athletic Association, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University Club, Twentieth Century Club, Children’s Hospital, Knights of Columbus and the Young Men and Women’s Hebrew Association buildings. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The ever-increasing educational interest of the Pittsburgh community, and of western Pennsylvania, is perhaps nowhere so adequately expressed as in the expansion of the university which bears the city’s name. One hundred forty-one years ago, in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh had its beginning. It was known as Pittsburgh Academy. Pittsburgh at that time was a frontier trading post, with less than a thousand inhabitants, but one of its foremost interests was education. Judge Hugh Henry Brackenbridge, a graduate of Princeton, enlisted the cooperation of leading clergymen and other public and professional men in establishing an academy and on February 28, 1787, a charter was obtained and the academy incorporated. Today that academy has grown to be one of the three universities in Pennsylvania. and The Cathedral of Learning the only one in the western part of the state, which receives state aid. The first academy building was located at the corner of what is now Third Avenue and Cherry Way. It was a twostory brick house, with two rooms upstairs and one room downstairs. George Welch was the first principal. In 1810, the administration of Rev. Joseph Stockton, one of the most prominent of the early principals, began. He was the author of the Western Spelling Book and the Western Calculator, the most popular textbooks of the time. The year 1819 marked a new epoch in the school’s history, for the Pittsburgh Academy became the Western University of Pennsylvania, and a new three-story building was erected. Then came a period of misfortune and struggle. Twice the building was destroyed by fire. For a time it was necessary to suspend instruction. But in 1855 a new building was erected at Ross and Diamond Streets, and brighter days followed. In 1891, Dr. William J. Holland was appointed to the chancellorship of the University. At that time there were less than one hundred students and a faculty of eighteen members. Dr. Holland determined that the institution should become a university in fact as well as in name. Schools of Medicine, Law, Pharmacy, Mines, and Dentistry were established or affiliated. Faculty members whose names will long be remembered were such men as Daniel (“Uncle Dan”) Carhart, Reginald A. Fessenden, Dr. Francis Clifford Phillips, Dr. Albert Ellis Frost, Edmund Burke Huey, Dr. George A. M. Dyess, and others. In 1904, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick became chancellor. He immediately made new plans for the University. The year 1908 was a red letter year, for in that year the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh and the location was moved to its new campus in the Schenley district. New schools were soon established—the Schools of Business Administration, Education, Graduate School, and Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. New buildings were added, and the growth of the University since that time has been phenomenal. The expansion which began with Dr. Holland’s administration continues in that of Dr. John Gabhert Bowman, the present chancellor, who succeeded Dr. Mc-Cormick in 1921. Within the past year more than 1000 students have received their degrees from the University of Pittsburgh. The faculty numbers approximately 800 members. The approximate enrollment in all schools of the University for the year 1926-27 was 10,000. Of these 5200 were regularly classified students. Enrolled in the extension division were over 2000, bringing the total enrollment to about 12,000. As the number of students taking advantage of the opportunities which the University has offered has increased, it has extended and expanded its service to the community. The University is now composed of sixteen schools and divisions. They are: The Schools of Medicine, Law, Pharmacy, Dentistry, Engineering, Mines, Education, Business Administration, the College, the Graduate School, the Research Bureau for Retail Training, the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, the Allegheny Observatory, the University Extension Division, Downtown Division, Summer Session and Radio Studio. In the fall of 1927 the Downtown Division was established. Its purpose is to give courses in the late afternoon and evening for teachers and others employed who cannot attend the classes on the campus. The Downtown Division is located in the Chamber of Commerce and courses are offered in liberal arts, engineering and mines, education and business administration. Facilities are provided for 3,500 students. Instruction is offered, for the most part, by faculty members who are teaching on the campus. Dr. Vincent W. Lanfear, formerly associate professor of Finance at the University, is the director of the Downtown Division. Heretofore the evening division had been a part of the Schoo! of Business Administration. “The purpose of the new unit,” Chancellor Bowman says, “is simply to carry on downtown the regular work done on the campus in the College of Liberal Arts and in the Schools of Business Administration, Engineering and Mines, and Education. The growth of the evening division of the School of Business Administration downtown has brought a demand for courses of study outside of that particular field. The University believes that the time has come when it should offer a substantial program, not limited to any one field, in a downtown location. It is also believed that this expansion is demanded by the University’s growing program of service to its community.” The summer sessions of the University have also shown steady growth. The 1927 session which marked the twentyfirst year of the summer session enrolled nearly 2500. Competent instructors from the University of Pittsburgh and other institutions offered courses from J uly 5 to August 12. The purpose of the summer school, as expressed in the bulletin, is “to meet the needs of those preparing for teaching as well as of those in other fields who can avail themselves of the opportunity the summer affords for further study.” There are courses for those working towards teachers’ certificates, for those who wish a higher certificate, for those wishing to take regular University work, or for those who wish to attend for the purely cultural value. Summer session courses were also conducted at Johnstown and Erie. The Extension Division, gives courses in towns scattered from Erie to Morgantown, and Altoona to Steubenville. It is the aim of this division to bring higher education to the very door of citizens unable to attend the University proper. The Division provides speakers, conducts surveys, offers academic courses, runs a teachers’ appointment bureau, and acts as a general clearing house for community educational problems. The recently established Johnstown Junior College and the Erie Center are under the direction of the Extension Division. The proposed medical center, in which the University of Pittsburgh school of medicine will have teaching privileges, is a forward step in furthering the medical profession. Such a center will contain a group of teaching hospitals, dispensary facilities, nurses’ training school and home; administrative, library, laboratory, and lecture room facilities. Each unit of the proposed group will preserve its own identity and management, cooperating only for teaching and laboratory service and economy of administration. Of this proposed medical center, the Children’s Hospital is the first building actually erected. The Elizabeth Steel Magee Maternity Hospital is already closely affiliated with the University. Plans for the Presbyterian General Hospital, which will be a unit of the center, are well under way. While the University of Pittsburgh draws students from abroad, it is primarily a Pittsburgh institution. Nearly 50 per cent of its students live in the city, and almost '75 per cent are from Allegheny County. More than 90 per cent of the University of Pittsburgh student body are from the state of Pennsylvania, the majority of them representing the 26 counties of western Pennsylvania, which have a population of about 5,000,000. More than half of the full-time students are women, and women are admitted to every school, both undergraduate and professional, and take a prominent part ‘n student activities. The roster of the University of Pittsburgh’s alumni contains the names of many who have achieved distinction and brought honor to their Alma Mater. Among them are Washington Roebling, the engineer who built the Brooklyn Bridge from the plans of his father; George Wilkins Guthrie, ambassador to Japan under President Wilson and the first mayor of Greater Pittsburgh; Andrew William Mellon, the Secretary of the Treasury; Senator David Aiken Reed; Ethelbert Nevin, composer of music; Hervey Allen, modern poet, and numerous others who have taken an important part in civic, educational, and professional life. In the frontier days Pittsburgh Academy expressed the courage and tenacity of the pioneer settlers of the trading post community. Something of that same spirit has been carried through the years of the University’s transition and growth. The time has now arrived for another step to be taken to meet the increasing demands upon the university. Facilities have proven inadequate, and an extensive building program has been adopted. The new plans for the expansion of the University include a building which will express the traditions of the city of Pittsburgh and express the spirit of hope and achievement for which it stands. A Cathedral of Learning, unique in design, in that it will tower to a height of more than 30 stories, is now in the process of construction on the plot of ground bounded by Fifth Avenue, Bellefield Avenue, Bigelow Boulevard and Forbes Street, and with the present buildings, will accommodate 12,000 students. Contemplating the University’s present building program and the relation of the University to the city, Dr. Bowman has said, “When we even half realize what the city of Pittsburgh is, the wilderness here which reached down to our grandfathers’ time, the epic story of the city’s growth, the doings and the hope of its people, when we half realize in our hearts how much we desire that this record continue, that achievement remains our inspiration not only in industry but in all that makes life satisfying—philosophy, government, science, and literature—then we know what the University is to Pittsburgh. It is a central symbol which calls into practice all of the sterling stuff in us. “A building of enduring beauty, the Cathedral of Learning will be a fitting monument to the brave pioneers who started the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, and to those others who have brought the University to its present status. To the many students who will enter its portals in the years to come it will be an inspiration and incentive to live always at the highest level. And to the city of which it is such an essential part it will stand as the realization of an ideal ** ALLEGHENY OBSERVATORY Pittsburgh makes many contributions to astronomy through the Allegheny Observatory, one of the great astronomical institutions of the world, belonging to the Pittsburgh University. This observatory is situated on the highest hill in Riverview Park, overlooking wooded valleys, with a wide view down the Ohio River. The observatory is famed throughout astronomical and scientific circles alike for its equipment and the quality and quantity of results achieved bv its staff. The present observatory developed from a small beginning in 1859, when several citizens of the present North Side of Pittsburgh organized the Allegheny Telescope Association. [ts efforts at raising funds were so successful that instead of buying an 8-inch telescope, at first contemplated, a 13-inch telescope was secured, and mounted in the new building in the beginning of 1861. When mounted, this telescope was Alleshenv Observ atorv—Riverview Park. Northside. Pittsbursh. Pa. surpassed in size by only two other refractors in the world, each of which was 15 inches in diameter, and one of them was at Harvard College. In 1865 the observatory became the possession of the university, with a modest endowment fund, and Prof. Samuel Pierpont Langley was made director, continuing 20 years. Langley’s skill as a draftsman and illustrator enabled him to make the finest drawings of sunspots ever executed. At that time, visual observations were the only means of the study of the sun. The photographic plate has since superseded the eye, aided by many modern instruments, including the spectograph and spectroheliograph: but Langley’s visual observations, made in Pittsburgh, are now regarded as classic. He not only studied the solar spectrum visually, but he also used a very delicate thermo instrument called the bolometer, extending human knowledge of the spectrum far into the infra-red, much beyond the power of the eye to see. This region of the spectrum mapped by him is that part from which the earth gets most of its heat energy, affecting the thermometer, but not the eye. While at the Allegheny Observatory, Langley made his experiments on the lifting power of the air by means of a whirling table on which were mounted planes tilted at various angles—the precursors of the wings of the airplane. Langley himself constructed the first airplane after he left Pittsburgh and went to Washington as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The failure of his plane to make a flight greatly distressed him. He had the right idea, however, and its lack of success was not due to the plane itself, but to the failure of the launching apparatus, which, instead of directing the plain upward, threw it downward into the Potomac River. Much ridicule was heaped upon Langley for his attempt at air flight, and he found it impossible to obtain the necessary funds to continue his experiments. However, this same machine, in the hands of the Wright Brothers, made a successful flight, long after the death of Langley, proving that he was the inventor of the airplane. James E. Keeler was another director who did excellent work. His principal achievement was the spectroscopic proof of the constitution of Saturn’s rings, by a spectrograph of his own design. John A. Brashear later became connected with the observatory and constructed many instruments for which a demand developed in all parts of the world. He raised sufficient funds to build the present beautiful building, costing about $300,000. A 30-inch reflector was built, called the Keeler Memorial Telescope. This is adapted to spectroscopic work, and with it were determined the orbits of a large number of spectroscopic binaries, stars which by means of the spectroscope are known to be double, and yet are so close together that the telescope is not capable of showing them double. As a memorial to Willlam Thaw and his son, William Thaw, Jr., the immediate families of these men furnished the money, about $125,000, for the erection of the Thaw Memorial Refractor. So difficult was the task of making perfect dises, a wait of more than 10 years was necessary before they could be delivered. The second of these discs was sent from Germany only four months before the outbreak of the World War. In April, 1914, after the receipt of this disc, the Brashear Company ground and finished the lens in four months, much the shortest time in which any large lens had ever been finished. The observatory now houses the finest photographic reflector in the world. The present director is Dr. Heber D. Curtis, who has been a member of every important expedition for the observation of solar eclipses in recent years. Four nights a week are allotted to visitors to the observatory, and about 5000 persons, many of them from distant parts of the country, and other parts of the world, “see the stars” annually through the facilities offered by the Pittsburgh University. MELLON INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH “An industry is made great, not by its raw materials, not by its products, but by the men who show how to use them to best advantage— .e., by scientists and engineers in its service.” Hon. A. W. MeLLON. The essential aim of Mellon Institute of Industrial Research is the creation of new knowledge by scientific investigation, in accordance with the Industrial Fellowship system of Dr. Robert Kennedy Duncan. The institution was founded by Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon, whose constant interest has brought success to the application of the system. The industrial research of the Institute is organized on a contract basis, the problem being set by a person, firm or association interested in its solution, the scientific worker being found and engaged by the Institute, and an industrial fellowship being assigned for a period of at least one vear. Each holder of an industrial fellowship is given for the time being the broadest facilities for accomplishing a definite piece of research, and all results obtained by him belong exclusively to the founder (donor) of the fellowship. Only one investigation is carried out on a particular subject at any one time and hence there is no duplication of the research activities of the Fellowships in operation. The Institute is primarily an industrial experiment station, but the nature of its investigational procedure enables broad training of young scientists in research methods and in special subjects of technology. It also has a department of research in pure chemistry, which investigates fundamental chemical problems that are of purely scientific interest, The idea of the Industrial Fellowship system was conceived by Dr. Duncan in 1906, while in attendance at the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry in Rome. For some time previous to this Congress, Dr. Duncan had deen in Europe gathering material for several books on chemistry. Through visits of inspection to factories, labora- tories and universities of some European countries, and through conversations with industrialists and scientists, he had become impressed at various places with the spirit of cooperation that existed between technology and science, which made for the advancement of both. At the same time, he became aware, more than ever before, of the fact that Entrance to Main Building Mellon Institute of Industrial Research much of American chemical industry, from the standpoint of manufacturing efficiency, was in a weak condition. The absence of the application of scientific research methods was one reason for this state of affairs, and Dr. Duncan was led to propose a remedy in industrial fellowships. His plan was to assist manufacturers who desired to break away from tradition and to make even more scientific that production already well on the road from tradition to science. Upon his return from Europe to accept the chair of industrial chemistry in the University of Kansas, Dr. Duncan arranged for the establishment of the first Industrial Fellowship in January, 1907. In 1910, Dr. Duncan was called to the University of Pittsburgh to inaugurate his system in the Department of Industrial Research, and the operation of the Fellowships was begun in a temporary building on March 1, 1911. Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon, citizens of Pittsburgh and sons of Judge Thomas Mellon, of the class of 1837 at the University of Pittsburgh, noted the practical A View in the Library of Mellon Institute success of this educational experiment and saw in the system an apparently sound method of benefiting American industry by the study of manufacturing problems under suitable conditions and by training young men for technical service. In consequence of this interest, in March, 1918, they founded Mellon Institute of Industrial Research at the University of Pittsburgh, and later placed the Industrial Fellowship system on a permanent basis, as a memorial to their father (1818-1908) and to Dr. Duncan (1868-1914). The main building of the Institute, which is a part of the central group of the University of Pittsburgh, was occupied in February, 1915, by the twenty-three fellowships then in operation. At the present time, two buildings are filled to approximate capa- city with sixty-two fellowships, covering a wide variety of different problems. These fellowships employ one hundred and ten research chemists and engineers. The continued financial support of the Messrs. Mellon has made it possible to develop the system to its present strong position. By the application of the Industrial fellowship system, the Institute has been successful in demonstrating to American manufacturers, irrespective of size, that industrial research, properly carried out, is profitable to them. Most of the problems accepted for study, 1911-1928, have been A Corner in the Machine Shop of Mellon Institute solved satisfactorily, and many chemists and chemical engineers have been trained in research methods and then placed in useful industrial positions. The Institute has also been active in stimulating research in other laboratories and in cooperating with other research establishments, both in the United States and abroad. It is however best known by the successful commercial processes which it has developed and by its contributions to the literature of chemistry and allied sciences. The total contributions to literature for the fifteen years ended January 1, 1927, were as follows: 12 books, 56 bulletins, 411 research reports, 636 other articles, and 322 United States patents. Notable investigations have been carried out by Industrial Fellowships on subjects in the following fields: bread, by-product coking, carbon dioxide, cellulose, citrus products, composition flooring, corrosion, dental products, edible gelatin, electrical precipitation, enameled ware, fertilizers, fiber containers, fish products, flotation of ores, food and beverage flavors, fuels, galvanizing, garment cleaning, glass, glue, heat insulation, hydro-metallurgy of copper, inks, insecticides, laundering, magnesia products, matches, natural gas, nickel, olefine gases, organic synthesis, perfumes, petro-A Corner of a Research Laboratory in Mellon Institute leum, protected metals, refractories, roofing materials, rubber compounding, sleep, smoke abatement, sodium silicate, stove enamels, sulfur, synthetic resins, vitamins, vitrified tile. wood chemicals. wrought iron. and zine. GENERAL PRINCIPLES oF THE INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP SYSTEM In accordance with the System of the Institute, an individual industrialist, a company, or an association of manufacturers, that has a suitable problem or group of problems that requires investigation, may become the donor of an Industrial Fellowship, provided the problems are of sufficient scope to warrant the services of at least one man for a period of not less than one year, provided no other investigation is in progress in the Institute on the research topic that is of interest to the prospective donor, and also provided the Institute can give accommodation to the work that is necessary to solve the problems. Each industrial fellowship that is accepted by the Institute is the subject of a definite agreement between the industrialist, company, or association of manufacturers concerned and the Institute. The industrial fellowships of the Institute are of two general types, namely, individual and multiple. An in-An Interior View of a Unit Experimental Plant at Mellon Institute dividual industrial fellowship utilizes the services of one research chemist or engineer (with assistants when necessary), who is responsible directly to the executive staff of the [nstitute. A multiple industrial fellowship has the services »f one or more research men (junior fellows) under the direction of a senior fellow, who. in turn. is responsible to the axecutive staff. The Institute is not of a commercial nature, being entirely independent and deriving no financial profit from the ‘nvestigations conducted under its auspices. = Moreover, members of the executive staff devote their time and ability to the interests of the Institute and of the University of Pittsburgh without outside remuneration. The donor, on his part, provides a foundation sum that is adequate to cover the annual cost of maintenance of the industrial fellowship, comprising operating charges, the purchase of all necessary special apparatus or other equipment and the salary of the research man or men selected to work on the particular problem, the solution of which is of concern to the donor. This sum of money is approximately $6000 for each research man needed on the fellowship. The Institute, in due order, selects the industrial fellow. and the investigation to be carried out is entrusted to this qualified man, who devotes his entire time to it. The Institute furnishes laboratory, library, and consultative facilities, the use of its permanent research equipment, direction to the progress of the work, and an environment that stimulates productive investigation. All results obtained by the industrial fellowship are the property of its donor. Each industrial fellowship is a case of trust and is operated in strict accordance with the terms of the agreement governing its operation. Information pertaining to its subject matter and progress is not released to the public unless the donor’ so desires. Cooperation is a large factor in the success of the Institute. Teamwork and high creative ability go together—an idea that was made vital by Dr. Duncan and is now a valued heritage of the Institute. The system of the Institute enables a manufacturer to obtain results in a shorter period of time and at less cost than is ordinarily possible. The cooperative and research facilities of the Institute hasten results. There are three definite stages of industrial fellowship work, namely: preparatory, experimental. and developmental, The preparatory stage includes a critical study of the literature of the subject, preliminary conferences with the donor, and visits to his plant, in order to familiarize the industrial fellow and the executive staff with the problem in all its aspects. Each incumbent of an industrial fellowship, who is getting ready to undertake a piece of research, submits a report on his plans for investigation and on what has been found én the subject in the literature before he actually begins experimental work. Most of the troubles of the industries have a chemical origin. Most of the Institute’s researches are therefore in the closely related provinces of chemistry and chemical engineering; but the solution of many problems requires the cooperative efforts of the chemist and the physicist or the biologist. Following the approval of the executive staff to a definite program of research, the experimental stage is entered. It embraces laboratory work and contact with the donor through regular progress reports and necessary conferences. The developmental stage, which follows the laboratory or experimental investigation, includes the working out of processes or the preparation of produets on first a unit-plant scale and then in the donor's factory. It is essentially chemical engineering in character, and stress is placed on those chemical and physical facts that are of direct economic interest. A process may be carried out on a laboratory scale with entire success; but just as soon as it is put in operation under semi-commercial conditions, or on an industrial plant scale, it may fail through inadvertent neglect of engineering *actors. Hence plant-size investigations, involving considerable financial outlay, are often necessary in industrial research. Research at the Institute is not of the individual type, carried out for the personal gratification and advancement of scholarship of the industrial fellows. It is institutional in that it is conducted by scientists, working independently or ‘'n varying measure of cooperation, as members of an organ-‘zed agency, designed to serve industry. The effort is made to administer the Industrial Fellowships in such a way as to snable their holders to put forth their best efforts. The renewal of many industrial fellowships, year after year, attests to their productivity and to the confidence that ‘heir donors have in the Institute. It is of interest to mention aere that the incumbents of the larger and older industrial fellowships are recognized generally as specialists in the particular branches of technology in which they are conduct-‘ng investigations. The United States Department of Commerce has expressed the opinion that ‘among constructive activities of trade associations none is more fitting nor more profitable than scientific research.” Mellon Institute has been engaged in research for a number of associations of manufacturers since 1914—at present there are thirteen association fellowships in operation—and its experience shows convineingly the valuable relation of industrial research to the advancement of business in the manufacturing fields thus covered. Each association of manufacturers that is maintaining an industrial fellowship in the Institute consists of those rms in an industry having problems of common interest which are so basic or of such general application that the "esults of research thereon are of importance to all companymembers. This type of investigational work may be carried on without interfering with competitive interests or the relative commercial positions of the cooperating firms. it has been demonstrated that competitors can work harmoniously on a research program, provided the problems selected are of concern to all members of the association and do not require the disclosure of confidential information by any member of the organization. For the most part, the Institute’s researches for associations have for their object the advancement of basic knowledge of the industries, their processes and products. It has been especially successful in work on standardiza-:ion of factory practice and manufactured products and on »xtending uses of various chemicals and commodities. The purpose of industrial research is to promote success in manufacturing practice through scientific investigation; in other words, to find new materials, new processes, and new uses of products, for industrial development, and to advance manufacturing operations through the application of scientific methods to industry. Before things can be used in any way they must be discovered, and it is the particular ‘unction of science to reveal them. It is the business of the scientific investigator to discover and of the engineer or ‘nventor to recognize and apply the results achieved. The spirit of all industrial research is sincerely scientific. [t seeks to be open-minded toward new truth. It recognizes the intricacy of its problems, it does not hesitate to admit ignorance nor to suspend judgment. Its constant aim is the discovery of truth and its application to human need. Its scope is as wide as the range of influences, chemical, physical, biological, and economic, which affect technology. The effects of the influence of scientific investigation on behalf of technology are so broad and beneficial that they are interwoven intimately with every-day life and contribute constantly to human progress. Industrial research is one of the greatest gifts of science to mankind. OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION OF MELLON INSTITUTE TRUSTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Andrew W. Mellon, Washington, D. C. Richard B. Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pa. John G. Bowman, Pittsburgh, Pa. Henry A. Pumps, Pittsburgh, Pa. EpwarDp R. WEmLEIN, Pittsburgh. Pa. EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE Edward R. Weidlein. . E. Ward Tillotson. William A. Hamor Harry S. Coleman. George D. Beal. . Henry A. Phillips. . vv... Director . Assistant Director Assistant Director . Assistant Director Assistant Director Treasurer Leonard H. Cretcher. .. .. Cs Head, Department of Research in Pure Chemistry .. . Secretary to the Director Lois B. Whittle. . . [.ois Heaton. Iabrarian UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES Among the important educational and research organizations of Pittsburgh is the experiment station of the United States Bureau of Mines. The handsome building, which cost $500,000 in 1917, and grounds, which were deeded to the Federal Government by the city in exchange for other land, are adjacent to Carnegie Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institute, Mellon Institute, University of Pittsburgh, and Schenley High School; in addition, close contact is maintained with these institutions. Although this Federal bureau has been functioning here since 1910, and prior to that year as the Technologic Branch of the United States Geological Survey, many Pittsburghers are unaware of its existence and of what it does and accomplishes. This experiment station employs 100 technical men and 165 others; in addition, a number of field engineers are directed from this station. It is the largest of this Bureau's 11 stations scattered throughout the country, and the largest experiment station of its kind in the world. A coal mine near Bruceton, 13 miles from Pittsburgh, where all manner of tests on mining hazards, ventilation, and explosives are carried out every day, is part of the station. As the principal functions of the Bureau of Mines are safety and the most efficient methods in mining, metallurgy, and related industries, the work of the Pittsburgh experiment station is devoted to these problems. In part of this work, the station has the cooperation of the industries and civic organizations of Pittsburgh, the State of Pennsylvania, and the other mining states and industrial corporations. Cooperation and contact is maintained with foreign countries on certain problems. In the Pittsburgh experiment station are 20 well-equipped laboratories with specialists to investigate problems arising from the following: Manufactured gas, chemical analyses, coal and coal products, dusts of all kinds, electricity in mines, explosives, first aid, fuels, gases of all kinds (including helium), heating and ventilating, metallurgy of iron and steel, microscopy, mine-rescue work, physical testing of instruments, and physiological effects of gases, ete.. on work- i : Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the United States Bureau of Mines men. Actually, 85 per cent of the research is in coal mining and utilization of coal. In addition, the Experiment Station is equipped with its own power plant, machine and woodworking shops, glass-blowing and instrument shops, drafting and photographic departments, cafeteria, and auditorium to seat 250 persons, As to the educational value of this experiment station to Pittsburgh, any accredited person or persons or organizazation may at any time inspect or be guided through the laboratories and shops mentioned, which is an education in itself. Arrangements may be made for school classes to attend the showing of motion pictures depicting certain ‘ndustries or the promotion of accident prevention; this is done frequently. Instruction is given at regular intervals in first-aid and mine-rescue work to any employees of the mining, metallurgical, and petroleum industries who desire to learn the art. Examinations are sometimes held for mine foremen and inspectors, by arrangement with the state. Each collegiate year, Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Bureau of Mines arrange to assign several fellows to work on research problems suggested by the official Mining and Metallurgical Advisory Boards representing the industries of the district. Scientific societies hold some of their meetings here; and at the experimental mine, demonstrations are made to mining men and the public of the actual testing of explosives and full-scale mine explosions of either gas or coal dust, or both. It will be seen, therefore, that a great research organization like the Pittsburgh experiment station of the United States Bureau of Mines is really of considerable educational value to Pittsburgh, the district, state, and country at large. SHADY SIDE ACADEMY Shady Side Academy had its inception in a “\private school that was established in Allegheny in 1881, with Dr. W. R. Crabbe as J principal, for the specific purpose of preparing _. boys for college. Two years later the principal transferred the school to a more central location in Shady Side, Pittsburgh, and provided more ample accommodations DAL CN for a patronage that was steadily increasing. The rapid growth and evident promise of the school induced the patrons to erect, in 1883, a well-appointed building with a capacity for sixty-five students. The institution was incorporated and given the name of “The Shady Side Academy.” Since its incorporation the Academy has been quadrupled in capacity to meet the demand for enlarged facilities for college preparalon. For thirty years Dr. Crabbe was principal, but because of ill health, resigned in 1913 and was succeeded by Luther B. Adams. In 1916 there was talk of making the academy a country school. So unanimous became the feeling among trustees and patrons that the change was determined upon and steps were taken to make the move. Then the war came on, and all plans were laid aside for the more important duties to our country. Mr. Adams resigned in 1919 and was succeeded by Harold A. Nomer, who for ten years had been a master at the Lawrenceville School, New Jersey. Plans for the new school were resumed and a campaign was organized for the solicitation of funds. Subscriptions totalling $1,000,000 were secured and construction was started. Through the very generous gift of Mrs. Wallace H. Rowe, of 125 acres of land, adjoining the Field Club beyond Aspinwall, a site had been provided for the new school. Ground was broken in February, 1922, and in May, the cornerstone of Rowe Hall was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The Academy now consists of eight new buildings and lour old ones remodeled, a golf course, two football and basehall fields, and eight tennis courts. The Shady Side Academy Junior School for young boys, was added in 1909 and is still located at Ellsworth and Morewood avenues, Pittsburgh. The school is located on a very beautiful tract of high ground, adjoining the Field Club, on the Fox Chapel road. On the 125 acres are the following buildings:—Rowe Hall, recitation building; Ellsworth House, dormitory; Morewood House, dormitory; Aiken House, dormitory; Dining Hall: Heinz Infirmary; power house; gymnasium: school garage, Shadv Side Academy. Fox Chapel Road and four houses, in which live certain members of the faculty and others in the employ of the school. The buildings are fireproof, heated by hot water, and lighted by electricity. All equipment is new and of the most approved type. The Heinz Infirmary, the gift of Howard Heinz, 97, and Clifford Heinz, is completely equipped with four double patients’ rooms, nurses’ suite, two kitchenettes, two baths, and sun parlor. There is a contagious ward, which can be completely shut off from the rest of the building, and which in itself is complete. The dispensary forms a central part of the building, and is fitted up to take care of all emergencies. The infirmary is in charge of Miss Alvilda Oliver, who for several years was on the staff of the Homeopathic Hospital. Pittsburgh, Pa. In addition to the infirmary, there is in Rowe Hall, a clinic, in charge of Miss Oliver also, at which, during certain hours of the day, boys get advice and treatment. The Junior School, for boys from six to twelve, located at Ellsworth and Morewood Avenues, Pittsburgh, affords very complete facilities for both study and play. Above the Third Form, there are men teachers only. An acre and a half athletic field, a large winter playroom, and special encouragement and instruction in athletics, provide unusual opportunities for physical development. Following is the Board of Trustees:—Augustus K. OLIVER, President; Marcus W. ACHESON, JR., Vice President; James R. Sterrerr, Hon. J. J. MILLER, J. J. TURNER, OepeExn M. Epwarps, Jr., M. D., THomas S. ARBUTHNOT, M. D., Davip D. Kexnepy, M. D., Joun W. CHALFANT, Cuaries L. Fraccus, Jr., C. E. Beeson, J. H. HiLLmaN, Jr., Howarp Heinz, CuarLES E. Dickson, W. L. MELLON, James C. CuarLiN, W. E. McKeLvy, CHARLES L.. McCung, C. H. Curry, RoraL 8. Gorpssury, A. Rex FLiINN, JAMES C. REA, Emin WINTER, E. Bruce Hi and Don R. ConNER. Secretary and Treasurer DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY Duquesne University is situated on an eminence overlooking the Monongahela River and the “Golden Triangle” of the City of Pittsburgh. Being geographically central, the university is accessible from both the residential and the business sections, as well as the suburbs. The campus, consisting of about seven acres, was acquired piecemeal by the Holy Ghost Fathers, who have conducted the school since 1878. Eight buildings constitute the present plant: St. John’s hall and St. Martin’s hall, both residential, acquired from former owners; the main building, erected in 1884; the chapel, begun in 1894 and enlarged in 1904; the Science hall, built in 1915; and the power plant, the gymnasium and the magnificient Canevin hall, all three erected in 1922. In addition, three floors in the Vandergrift building, on Fourth Avenue, have been rented since 1913 for the use of the School of Accounts. In 1878, Right Rev. Bishop Domenec urgently requested Father Joseph Strub, C. 8. Sp., exiled from his native Germany by the Bismarck regime, to undertake the work. He complied, and after much effort found quarters for his confreres and their forty pupils in a business block at Wylie avenue and Federal street. The Rev. W. P. Power, C. S. Sp., was the first president. His seven years’ administration were years of struggle for existence but of constant progress, ending shortly after the dedication of the first permanent building on what is now the campus. Under Rev. John T. Murphy, C. S. Sp. (recently deceased as Bishop of Port Louis, Mauritius), who guided the destinies of the college for thirteen years, notable material expansion and scholastic advancement were made. It was he that purchased most of :he present recreation ground, built handball courts, a temporary gymnasium and the chapel, raised the standard and widened the curriculum of both the classical and commercial courses, furnished the library, established debating societies and the students’ magazine. But these achievements, important as they undoubtedly were, are dwarfed by those of the present incumbent, Very Rev. M. A. Hehir, C. S. Sp., LL. D., who has stood at the helm since 1899. A man of profound judgment and methodical ways, he has set the stamp of his character on the work of the various departments. In his first years he added to the courses in modern languages and sciences, and made provision for the education of needy students. But it was in 1911 that the school made its biggest stride forward. In March of that year, Holy Ghost College became Duquesne University, with the legal right to open all the professional courses implied in that title. The Law School began to function in the George building in the following September, with Judge Joseph M. Swearingen in the position of dean. In 1913 were opened the School of Speech Arts, under Dr. Clinton E. Lloyd, and the School of Accounts, Finance and Commerce, under Dr. William H. Walker. These three deans have continued to the present day in charge of their respective schools, which are solidly organized and conducted with conspicuous success. The School of Social Service was opened in 1916, under the presidency of the Rev. J. A. Dewe, Lit. D., but discontinued when the Students’ Army Training Corps was established in 1918; its work is now carried on by other agencies under the auspices of the school. The past year saw the University’s first entrance into the medical field, in the establishment of the School of Pharmacy, with Dr. Hugh C. Muldoon as dean, and the opening of the Graduate School, under the leadership of the Rev. J. F. Carroll, C. S. Sp., S. T. D. The School of Music, headed by Professor Joseph A. Rauterkus, is now in its second year. The College of Arts offers courses leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Letters, Bachelor of Education and Bachelor of Philosophy. Among its graduates are numbered about half of the priests of the Pittsburgh diocese, and many of its professional men. By means of night courses, Saturday classes and Summer sessions, it has in the last decade opened the way to hundreds who would otherwise have been debarred from opportunities of higher education, and notably to many Sisters of the various teaching communities. The College enrolled 369 students in 1926-27. The College of Science offers a combined science and arts course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. It has given pre-medical and pre-dental preparation to a large number who afterwards matriculated successfully in various medical and dental schools. The present enrollment is 56. The School of Pharmacy is adequately staffed and thoroughly equipped. It offers three and four year courses. The former, leading to the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy, trains men for positions as prescriptionists, for hospital dispensing; the latter, leading to the degrees of Pharmaceutical Chemist and Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, gives additional training in pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing and control work, analytical chemistry, bacteriology, and in food, drug and water analysis. The students are constantly reminded of the high professional, ethical and scientific standards maintained among its members by the American Pharmaceutical Association, and trained to take the right view of their future honorable positions as guardians of public health in the community. The first and second year students number 62 at the present moment. The School of Accounts, Finance and Commerce is a full grade university school of business administration, the work in which leads to the degree of Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Science in Economics, and prepares students to pass successfully the rigid state examinations for the position of Certified Public Accountant. Quarters, equipment and faculty are up to the highest standards of excellence, as the school’s record shows. In the day and evening classes 1124 students are at present enrolled. The School of Law has in its brief existence achieved a widespread and merited reputation through the efficiency of its instructors and the success of its graduates. Late afternoon sessions are held. The Bachelor of Laws degree is conferred on the completion of a three year course. The Law students now number 222. The School of Speech Arts trains the public man for the many occasions when his gifts as an orator must be called into play; and fits the teacher, the salesman, the entertainer, for a better use of oral English. The degree of Bachelor of Arts in Drama is conferred on those who complete the four year course. There are over 500 students taking work in the School of Speech Arts. Musie, both vocal and instrumental, has been taught in Duquesne University since its foundation. A number of celebrated musicians received their first training here. It was only in the last year, however, that steps were taken to establish a School of Music with fully graded courses lead- ing to degrees. Instruction is offered both to those who wish to adopt music as a profession and to such students in the College of Arts and Letters as wish to carry certain courses for elective credit. The courses are arranged to allow the talented student to develop freely along the line of work most natural to him and to gain a thoroughly practical, specialized training in that direction. Broad literary and artistic culture are insisted upon rather than to narrow concentration upon one branch of technical work. The 52 students who enrolled for the first year were an augury of the success that is in store for the School of Music. The faculty also maintains a preparatory school with three distinct departments—academic, scientific and commercial —in which multitudes of the youth of the tri-state section have not only laid the foundation of successful careers as college students and professional men, but have received that training in self-reliance, self-control and ideals of personal responsibility and service, which it has ever been the first ambition of the University authorities to impart. The enrollment in the High School in 1926-27 was 645. The total student body, including those taking extension courses, was 3266 in the year just closed. The Holy Ghost Fathers, while entrusting the distinctive work of the departments to specialists, maintain the general management and control of the University. To them is largely due its continued growth. Today its students represent every section of the country, and number well over three thousand. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE FOR WOMEN In 1869 there was opened in Woodland Road, one of the finest residential situations in Pittsburgh, a college for women. Unlike most colleges of that date which began as seminaries, Pennsylvania College for Women was incorporated as a full-fledged college and has given the A. B. degree to graduates every year since 1873. Although meeting with many difficulties in its development, it remains the only distinctive college for women in western Pennsylvania and still keeps its fine Christian spirit, its atmosphere of culture, its spirit of service, combined with its official standing as a class A college in scholarship. It maintains a faculty of recognized standing, small classes with individual instruction, a genuine religious atmosphere, special courses leading to certificates in music, spoken English, and social service, which enable its students to combine professional training with a broad cultural course, and has a secluded campus in one of the beautiful districts of Pittsburgh, and is within easy access to all that is best in Pittsburgh’s life in music, art and science. The School of Music was organized in 1871 and is the only school of its kind in Pittsburgh and the only one that can offer dormitory accommodations. It gives a professional certificate combined with the A. B. degree. The college was a pioneer in social service. At the time that it was organized in 1908 no social service course was given in other colleges. There were no text-books, for they had not been written. The college invented its own way to teach social service in college. Today, the social service course circulates through the heart of the college curriculum. The beautiful amphitheatre on Woodland road is the scene every two years of the May Day festival, one of the loveliest traditions of the college. Many thousands of people assemble at this time on the hill side to enjoy the beautiful pageant given by the student body and the alumnae children under the direction of the Department of Spoken English. On May 14, 1927, the college presented a May Day festival written by two students, entitled “Deep Sea Caverns.” The college considers this one of the most beautiful of the many pageants it has given. One of the best traditions of the college is the daily living together of teachers and students in an atmosphere of familiar friendship, which is the peculiar privilege of a small institution. This year the college numbers three-hundred and fifty students and graduates a class of sixty-five. In order to carry on its work, new equipment is necessary and plans are being formulated to this end. During the current year, two new houses for residence have been opened and a large building lot on Fifth Avenue adjoining the college campus, has been secured. A loval alumnae. a united faculty and student body, and many friends heartily desire that such equipment shall be not only adequate in academic lines, but meet the standards of beauty which the location on Woodland Road suggests and which shall make the college an object of pride among the educational institutions of Pittsburgh. The administrative officers are Cora Helen Coolidge, Litt. D., president; Mary Helen Marks, A. M., dean; Janet I. Brownlee, assistant to the dean; Margaret A. Stuart, secretary and assistant treasurer; Harriet D. McCarty, A. B,, {ibrarian. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND The Western Pennsylvania School for the Blind is a residential school for blind or partially blind children residing in the western part of the State and is located in what is termed the “Educational Center” of Pittsburgh, being only a short distance from Schenley High School, Carnegie Institute and Library, Carnegie Institute of Technology, and the University of Pittsburgh. The ground on which the school stands consists of five and one-tenth acres, located at Bayard street and Bellefield avenue, and was given by Mrs. Mary E. Schenley. In 1884 a legacy of $40,000 was left by Miss Jane Holmes of Pittsburgh to establish an institution for the blind, with the condition that $25,000 additional be subscribed by the citizens of Pittsburgh for such a purpose. In 1887, a meeting was held by a representative group of Pittsburgh citizens to make some plans for the carrying out of Miss Holmes’ wishes. At this meeting, a board of corporators was chosen, and later a board of directors, consisting of nine members, was elected. In 1890, the school was opened on Forty-second street, with Hiram B. Jacobs as Superintendent, and with an enrollment of twenty-one pupils. The present buildings were completed in 1894, and the school was transferred to its present location in that year. The property is held in trust for the blind by board of corporators. The executive head of the school is Superintendent B. S. Joice, and the school is managed by a board of directors, composed of the following members: President, W. W. Blackburn; first vice-president, William M. Furey; second vice-president, Taylor Allderdice; secretary, John Crossan Dilworth; treasurer, Joseph Horne Holmes; counselor, L. M. Plumer; George D. Edwards, and James H. Hammond. The present school consists of five buildings—a large main building, kindergarten, industrial building, gymnasium, and power house and laundry. The school will accommodate 140 pupils, and its aim is to provide a practical education for all. The literary department follows as closely as possible the courses of the elementary and high schools, supplemented by musical and commercial courses, while the industrial department seeks to give to every pupil some trade or occupation which will aid him in earning a living. In addition to this, much attention is given to physical training, and daily instruction is given along this line, including swimming, the purpose being to develop normal activity as much as possible. Many graduates of the school have found it possible to enter schools of higher learning, such as the Margaret Morrison School, Carnegie Institute of Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Temple University, and others, where they have made creditable records for themselves. Many of these handicapped boys and girls, aided by the assurance that a self-supporting ability gives, are enabled to achieve success in many lines of endeavor and to become useful and inspiring members of society. PITTSBURGH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY The Pittsburgh Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church was founded in 1825. It is under the control of the First Synod of the West and the Synods of Pittsburgh, Ohio and New York. Its immediate management is committed to a board of directors and a board of trustees. The former consists of six ministers and three elders from each synod. Three additional ministers are elected by the Alumni Association. The trustees hold and manage the real estate and funds. There are nine members, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary three being appointed annually for three years’ service. The General Assembly determines the studies. In the year 1825 the Associate Reformed Synod, then but five years old, resolved to establish this theological seminary, and the first professor was the Rev. Joseph Kerr, a graduate of the University of Glasgow. The seminary opened in December, with Dr. Kerr in charge, and three students in attendance. A suitable library was purchased and the “Young Men’s Fund,” for the most part the gift of Dr. Kerr, and for the aid of students, was established. The seminary ne of the Finest C "Centers of the World made encouraging progress from the very beginning. During the century of its history it has trained between 1600 and 1700 young men for the Christian ministry. Of these, more than 90 have served the Church in the foreign field. From this seminary about 600 of the present ministers of the United Presbyterian Church have been graduated. The president of the faculty is the Rev. John McNaugher, D.D., LLD.; The Rev. W. R. Wilson, D.D., is registrar, and the Rev. D. F. McGill, D. D., LL.D, is secretary. Besides these clergymen, the faculty includes the Rev. John A. Wilson, D.D., LL.D., who is emeritus professor of church history and government; the Rev. James D. Rankin, D.D., professor of systematic and biblical theology and Christian sociology; and the Rev. Robert N. Montgomery, Th. B.. acting professor of Old Testament literature and exegesis. J. Brad Craig is instructor of religious education, and John C. Smith is instructor of elementary Greek and Elbert R. Moses is instructor in public speaking. By a special arrangement with the University of Pittsburgh, affiliation with that institution is arranged on a basis very advantageous to the theological students, its undergraduate and graduate courses being open to them. The working relation gives the students of the seminary all possible opportunity of supplementing their college training by prosecuting advanced and specialized courses. leading to standard degrees. Pittsburgh Seminary is one of the group of universities, colleges and theological seminaries in the United States cooperating in the support and control of the American School of Oriental Research in Jérusalem. This school was founded to afford such opportunities as have never before been open to American students in the study of Biblical and Palestinian archeology; the geography and natural features of the Holy Land; the history of Israel; early church history; the Arabic and other Semitic languages; Mohammedanism; political, industrial and social conditions in Bible lands; Roman administration and colonization in the East; the Crusades; and the comparative history of religions. Travel through the land and researches in historical geography and archeology are features of this school. THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY The very name is suggestive of history, for when the institution was created by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1825, the site of Pittsburgh was considered western. Pittsburgh did not secure this institution without a struggle. There was a year-long controversy as to its site, rival claims of various Ohio and Indiana towns, some of them now long forgotten, being urged as against “Alleghenytown,” then a village of seven hundred souls. The Assembly appointed a board of five commissioners to determine this site, and few now know that first of this group was General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. The first session formally opened on November 16, 1827, the instructors of this class of four being the Rev. Elisha P. Swift and the Rev. Joseph Stockton, both pioneer clergymen of the first rank. Dr. Stockton had been principal of the old Pittsburgh Academy, now the University of Pittsburgh. The centennial anniversary was observed with much ceremony on November 16, 1927. The first building was erected in 1831 on what is now known as Monument Hill. This building was completely destroyed by fire on January 23, 1854. The second building, erected on Ridge Avenue facing West Park in 18355, and known as ‘‘Seminary Hall,” was partially destroyed by fire in 1887 and immediately repaired. In 1914 this building was demolished to be replaced by a large modern group, two wings of which were dedicated May 4, 1916. Architecturally the new buildings are English Collegiate Gothic, and structurally they are steel frame and fireproof. These two wings contain six class rooms, an office, a large faculty and directors room, a beautiful reading room 38 x 88 feet, a librarian’s office, a seminar room for private study, and a stack room capable of holding 160,000 volumes. For its size, it is ap equipment second to none in the country. The first dormitory was erected in 1859 and was made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Hetty E. Beatty, and known as Beatty Hall. This structure becoming inadequate by 1877, the Rev. C. C. Beatty furnished funds for a new dormitory, which was known as Memorial Hall, as Dr. Western Theological Seminary Beatty wished to make the edifice commemorate the reunion of the Old and New School branches of the Presbyterian Church. The present dormitory was dedicated in 1912 and was erected on the site of Memorial Hall and retains the historic name of the old hall. It is a reinforced concrete, fireproof building, with suites to accommodate seventy-five students. It also contains a beautifully furnished social hall and a thoroughly equipped gymnasium, as well as a dining room. But bricks and mortar are not standards by which the achievements of educational institutions can be judged. The service rendered by the graduates of the Seminary furnish a real touchstone for judging its contribution to humanity. According to such an acid test, the Western Theological Seminary may well be proud of its record. In every department of ministerial activity its graduates have rendered distinguished service. This seminary has sent forth eminent missionaries to every part of the globe. Of these missionaries, three laid down their lives as martyrs in China and India. Some of its graduates have achieved distinction as educators and have served as presidents of colleges and state universities. Others have acquired a world wide reputation as Biblical scholars. On the roll of its graduates appear the names of moderators of the General Assembly and secretaries of the boards of the church. Above all, the institution can boast a long line of faithful and eloquent preachers who have proclaimed the Gospel of Jesus Christ in almost every state in the Union as well as in the missionary lands across the seas. In the course of a hundred years the seminary has been able to secure for its faculty some of the leading theologians, Biblical scholars, and preachers of the Presbyterian Church. Indeed there have been professors of this institution who have won a reputation that transcended denominational and national limits. We mention only those who have passed to their reward: of theologians, there have been Archibald Alexander Hodge, Samuel H. Kellogg, Benjamin B. Warfield; of Biblical scholars, Melancthon W. Jacobus and Matthew B. Riddle; of preachers, William M. Paxton, Samuel Jen- nings Wilson, Henry T. McClelland, Robert Christie and David Gregg. To-day a complete modern theological curriculum is offered, with elective courses leading to the degrees of 5.T.B. and S.T.M. The faculty consists of seven professors and five instructors. The average enrollment is seventy-five. The president is James A. Kelso, Ph. D., D.D.; secretary, William BR. Farmer. D.D.: registrar. David E. Culley. Ph.D. PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF PITTSBURGH Pittsburgh is very proud of its public school system, which is keeping pace with educational ideas, and is in charge of a fine board of education, with Dr. William M. Davidson as superintendent of public schools, supported by an excellent teaching staff. The total number of children enrolled last year was 105,409 in the public day schools, and 17,876 in the evening schools, making a grand total of 123,285. To do the work of the day schools, more than three thousand teachers and principals are required at the present time, for which the city of Pittsburgh receives $300 per teacher per year (or $900,000) out of funds appropriated by the State to apply on the salaries of teachers. The balance of the teachers’ salaries is paid through revenues derived from local taxation. To teach the students enrolled in the evening schools has required the services of 580 teachers. A part of the salaries of the evening school teachers, by act of the Legislature of 1925, paid out of moneys appropriated by the State and a part out of tax revenues collected by the local district. The day schools are kept open each year for a period of two hundred days, actual schooling, five days each week. The evening schools are kept open for a period of twentyfour weeks each school year. These evening schools open about the middle of September and continue until about the first of April each year. No pupil in a day school is permitted to enroll in a night school, under the age of sixteen. This means that of the Taylor Allderdice High School Forward and Shadv Avenues seventeen thousand students enrolled in the night schools, the vast majority of them come from the ranks of the adult population of the city. Pittsburgh is spending about $150,000 a year for this extension of its publie school work to the adult population. For housing the children of the public schools, there have neen erected 145 school buildings, as follows: For the elementary children, 129 buildings; for the trade and vocational schools, 8 buildings; and for the high school children, 13 ouildings. In this connection it should be noted that the growth of high school enrollment in Pittsburgh in the past lecade and a half is greater than that of any other city of its size in the country. We have more than doubled the enrolment in the past ten years in this department of the schools. David B. Oliver High School Brighton Road and Island Avenue, North Side The statistics for 1916 show a total enrollment of 9,864 pupils in the high schools; the statistics for 1926 show a total enrollment of 20,142 pupils. These figures speak eloquently of the demand of the youth of the city for advanced education. Hundreds and hundreds of graduates of the high schools enter not only the local institutions of higher learning in Pittsburgh, but some fifty of the leading colleges and universities of the country located in at least twenty different States of the Union. As a capsheaf to its public school system, Pittsburgh has developed a teachers’ training school, in which it trains young women graduating from our public high schools, for Schenley High School Bigelow Boulevard and Center Avenue the calling of teaching. To be qualified to enter this school an applicant must be a graduate of a first-class four-year high school and at the same time be a resident of the city of Pittsburgh—that is to say the Board of Education has found it necessary to limit admission to this school to resident students. About sixty per cent of the new teachers appointed to positions in the schools in any given year is recruited from the graduates of the Pittsburgh Teachers’ Training School. The remaining forty per cent required to meet the demand for new teachers is recruited from outside the list of Training School graduates in order to avoid too great an in-breeding in the schools, and at the same time to meet the needs of the system where teachers of riper experience are vitally necessary to the work. This policy has made it necessary for the Board of Education to limit the number of admissions to the Training School each year, which practice has proved to be a very wise policy. If the status of our Training School were defined educationally it would be to classify it as a school of Junior-College rank, due to the fact that the two years of professional training are considered by colleges generally as equivalent to the completion of the first two vears of college work. A new building to house the Teachers’ Training School with its model group of elementary children, has been erected in the Schenley district, facing on Thackeray street just above Fifth avenue. This building is known as the Henry Clay Frick Training School for Teachers. When the will of the late Mr. Frick was opened it was found that he had bequeathed to the Frick Educational Commission of this city, the sum of $5,000,000 to be used in promoting the professional growth and improvement of the teachers employed in the Pittsburgh public schools. Since and before that bequest, Mr. Frick’s beneficence has made it possible for the Educational Commission to award free scholarships to more than three thousand teachers connected with the Pittsburgh Public Schools. On these free scholarships teachers have been able to attend summer vacation schools conducted by leading colleges and universities. The commission has not only awarded scholarships to teachers, but it has paid either part or all of their expenses incurred while attending these summer schools. The commission has likewise brought from the fields of art and literature some of the most eminent and successful men and women in America to inspire the twenty thousand boys and girls enrolled in the high schools of the city. The commission has generously encouraged the routine professional work being carried on with the teachers throughout the school year by making an appropriation to pay for the services of outside school experts who may be brought to the city to assist in the development of such work. This gift of Henry Clay Frick is unique in the educational annals of America. No bequest has ever been made to an educational institution in this country that has ever ac- complished so much in a given space of time as has been accomplished by the magnificent bequest, to the uses of the public school teachers of Pittsburgh. Due to his beneficence this city is today among the foremost cities of America, and of the world, in all matters pertaining to the professional growth and the professional improvement of its teachers. PARISH SCHOOLS OF THE DIOCESE OF PITTSBURGH The Pittsburgh Diocesan School Board, which has in its charge the parish schools of the diocese, is headed by the Very Rev. M. A. Lambing, chairman, and is formed of 29 Catholic clergymen. Rev. C. M. Hegerick is secretary. The superintendent of the parish schools is Rev. Paul E. Campbell, A. M. The Diocesan Parish School System Catholic High School Fifth Avenue and Clvde Street operated 226 schools, according to the last annual report. Of this number of schools, 48 are high schools, 25 being in the City of Pittsburgh, with over 2000 pupils, 16 being in Allegheny County outside the city, with 777 pupils, and 7 outside Allegheny County, with 817 pupils. The total enrollment of the parish schools was 83,665 pupils, of which the average daily attendance was 91 per cent. These schools had a teaching corps of 1494 sisters, 11 brothers and 134 lay teachers. In addition to the regular staff, the various elementary and high schools employed 47 special teachers in art, music, physical training, public speaking, modern languages and domestic science. To this number should be added the community supervisors and the normal school instructors in the various mother houses. Approximately 60 sisters are included in these two groups, which brings the total of the parish school teaching and supervision staff to about 1750 members. Among the schools recently erected are the boys’ Catholic High School, Fifth avenue and Clyde street; the St. Joseph School, Everson; Holy Trinity School, Duquesne; St. Mary's School, Pine Creek; St. Mathias School, Natrona, and St. Brendan School, Braddock. CARNEGIE INSTITUTE Visitors to Pittsburgh invariably have an opportunity to see the many evidences of its industrial prowess. They observe the coal barges, which are either moored to the banks of the two rivers or are being towed down the Ohio. By night they can not fail to see the sky aglow with red from the furnaces of the mills. If they visit some of these plants, they are impressed with the power of what are termed the basic industries, and they come to realize the important place Pittsburgh holds in the industrial life of the nation. Unfortunately, not all the visitors have an opportunity to study the cultural development of the community which centers in and about the Carnegie Institute. Those who spend even an hour within the great Renaissance building at the entrance to Schenley Park carry away with them some idea of Pittsburgh as a center for the arts and sciences. The Carnegie Institute almost equals the record of hotels in keeping opén house for visitors. It is open on week-days from ten in the morning until ten in the evening, and on Sundays from 2 P.M. until 6 P.M. It is closed only on Christmas, Memorial Day and Independence Day. Carnegie Institute Most institutions of similar character in this country charge admission at least on two or three days of the week, but the inscription over one of the entrances of Carnegie Institute—“Free to the People” —tells the story of the liberality of the donor, Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Institute building is unique in that it houses under one roof a library, a museum of natural history, a department of fine arts, and a music hall. The fact that all these divisions are in one building might indicate to some that they are not comprehensive in their respective fields. but this is not the case. Each department takes rank with any separate institution of like character in the country. The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh is the largest Carnegie library in the world. It is a free public circulating and reference library, open to all people. For more than thirty years it has been serving Pittsburgh, and in that comparatively short time, it has grown from one main library with a staff of 16 people, a permanent collection of 16,000 books, and an annual circulation of 113,835 books, to a system of 10 iibraries, 2 sub-branch libraries, 18 adult deposit stations (such as at telephone exchanges, department store employes’ rest rooms, etc.); 14 high school libraries, 70 libraries in platoon schools, 8 school deposit stations (from which the community as well as school children draw books), and 12 schools, having 50 classroom collections. The staff now includes 290 people, and 2,304,912 books were sent during 1927 into the homes of Pittsburgh. This is twenty times the circulation of the first year. During the last ten years the number of books lent for home use has increased 85 per cent. Who uses these books? Are they read mostly by children? In 1927, the books read were almost equally divided between juvenile and adult. This means that on the whole, children and their elders run an almost even pace in reading. Did they read stories and novels largely? Only 57 per cent of the books lent were fiction. This means that 985,549 books of a more serious nature were borrowed for home reading in addition to about 600,000 volumes used in the Central Library for study and research. The library has become a large factor in carrying on the educational work of Pittsburgh. The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1895. On November 25, 1881, Mr. Carnegie offered to give $250,000 for a free library in Pittsburgh, provided the city would agree to appropriate the sum of $15,000 annually for its maintenance. At that time the city had no power to raise money by taxation for the maintenance of such an institution, but in 1887, the enabling act was passed by the Legislature, and Mr. Carnegie was notified that the city was able to perform its part if he would renew his offer. In February 1890, Mr. Carnegie offered to expend not less than $1,000,000 on condition that the city would bind itself to place in the hands of the board of trustees of the library, at least $40,000 annually. With this larger offer to an enlarged city, Mr. Carnegie suggested the erection of branch library buildings. The ordinance accepting the second proposition was passed on March 1, 1890. At the first meeting of the board of trustees, James B. Scott was made president, Henry C. Frick, treasurer, and William N. Frew, secretary. In 1891 the city authorized the board of trustees to erect the main structure for the library on part of the nineteen acres of park land which had just been acquired from Mrs. Schenley. The building was dedicated to public use on November 5, 1895. In a few years after the opening of the Central Library building, it became clear that it was outgrown; whereupon Mr. Carnegie gave another gift of $5,000,000 for the reconstruction of the building. The plans for the extension provided new quarters for the Department of Fine Arts and the Department of the Museum. The enlarged building, as it stands today, was formally opened to the public in April 1907. This building stands on Forbes street at the entrance to Schenley Park, just beyond Forbes Field. The building is three stories in height and covers approximately four acres. The walls are a light gray sandstone, and the architecture is a modification of the Italian Renaissance. The walls are surmounted by a bronze cornice, below which, carved in the stone of the frieze, are the names of men distinguished in the fields of literature, music, art and science. The principal entrance to the library proper is on the western facade facing Forbes Field. Bronze doors open into a dignified hallway panelled with Tennessee marble. On the first floor are the lending department, the Department for Children, the Carnegie Library School and the adminis-“ration offices. In the adult and juvenile lending rooms, readers have free access to the shelves which contain about 85,000 representative books. The lending collection, as a whole, numbers over 400,000 volumes of which about 220.000 are shelved in the Central Library. Two broad marble staircases lead to the second floor. From one side of the second floor corridor opens the reference room, a place for quiet study and special assistance. Here expert help is given to students, club women, business and professional men, teachers, newspaper writers, etc. All general reference books, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, biographical handbooks, etc., are collected in this room. At the south end of the corridor is the periodical and newspaper reading room, where over 1300 current magazines and newspapers are on file. The Department of Work with the Blind opens from the reference room. The Technology Department occupies rooms on the third floor. Ever since the library opened in 1895, special emphasis has been placed on the selection of books along industrial lines, with the result that Pittsburgh now has one of the finest collections of technical books in the country. The Technology Department in Pittsburgh was the first department of its kind ever organized in a public library. It publishes quarterly, a Technical Book Review Index, which 's the only publication of its kind. The responsibility of the public library for encouraging a love of good reading in young people was recognized as 2arly as 1898, when the Department for Children was first organized. There is no more important work in the library and none that pays better in far-reaching as well as immediate results. The department is concerned chiefly with the reading interests and literary training of children from the pre-school age to those fourteen or older. It aims to provide a wholesome form of recreation and amusement. to supplement the work of the schools, and to give training in appreciation of the best literature. The special activities of the department include instruction in the use of books and libraries, reading aloud, storytelling, and book talks. For the younger children, storytelling has proved an effective means of presenting good literature, and during 1927 the attendance at the library story hours was over 100,000. In 1927, 50,000 reference questions were answered in the Department for Children, an indication of the value and use of the children’s rooms. The department makes a special study of children’s literature and cooperates in every way with parents, teachers and others interested in the welfare of young people. Great care is taken in the selection of books. Of the thousands of new books printed each year, the library is able to purchase only a limited number. It is accordingly very important that those books be chosen which will be of greatest service to the people who use the Library. All works of fiction are read by some member of the staff before they are purchased, and non-fiction is added to the collection only after authoritative reviews have been consulted or upon the recommendation of some specialist in the subject under consideration. In order that the book may give its full service, the information it contains must be made readily accessible to the public. Each new book of non-fiction added to the library is accordingly first carefully examined and classified and its contents are noted on cards for the catalogue under the principal subjects discussed, with annotations to make clear the author’s method of treatment. This is the work of the Catalogue Department. The binding of magazines, newspapers, and other printed material, the repairs to and rebinding of worn books, constitute an important part of the mechanical work of the library, and with the reenforcement of new books, total about 90,000 volumes each year. The library contains a total of about 630,000 volumes, of which over 50,000 volumes are in foreign languages. Each branch has a limited collection of its own which it supple- ments by drawing upon the general collection of the Central Library. The newest branch library is the Business-District Branch, located on the first floor of the City-County Building at Grant and Diamond streets. This branch was opened in June 1924, for the convenience of business and industrial concerns, and for busy people downtown. Directories of orincipal cities, business digests, bond and statistical rating service, trade directories, and business reference books form the bulk of the book collection here, but a daily messenger to the Central Library makes the entire collection of over a half million books available upon a day’s notice. Over a aundred trade and technical magazines are received here regularly, and two important financial papers—the Wall Street Journal and the Journal of Commerce—are received dailv. In 1920, the Department of Work with Schools was officially organized. Hitherto, library work with the schools had been carried on by the Department for Children to which it is still closely allied. Up to that time, with one exception, all work was done with schools through the nearest branch library only. The first separate school library in Pittsburgh was started at Schenley High School in 1916. This was the first to come under the cooperative plan of the Board of Public Education and the library, whereby the library fulfilled certain obligations and the Board of Public Education fulfilled other obligations. The library room, its equipment, and the reference books which are on permanent deposit are furnished by the Board of Public Education; the supervision, cataloguing of all books, and the books in the circulating collection are ‘urnished by the Library. Since the birth of the official Department of Work with Schools, twelve more high school libraries have been organized. Allegheny High School Library had been started previous to the organization of this department. The platoon school library is an entirely new development. During six years’ time, forty-three platoon school libraries have been established. The particular advantages of a platoon school library may be briefly told as follows: 1. The library collects books and related literary material in a specially equipped room. The advantage of this arrangement over scattering books over the building wherever there happens to be space is obvious. 2. The library centralizes information for every department, every teacher, every child. 3. A special library teacher is employed. She is effective because she becomes the specialist in library work. Each semester she carries out a brief course of instruction for every grade in the use of the library. 4. The platoon library has the opportunity to reach the non-reading child. The platoon system brings every child regularly to the library and the library teacher attempts to arouse individual interest in reading. 5. Every child has a definite library time allotment. Grades one to three come once a week; upper grades at least twice. The lower grades hear nursery rhymes, folk tales and myths. The upper grades learn to use reference books, and time is given to all for discussion. 6. Regularly organized reference work develops a habit for careful and intelligent use of books. This involves notetaking and the ability to summarize the main parts of each paragraph read. ¥. The effect of a well-lighted, inviting room, its book shelves comfortably filled with the best books in attractive bindings, creates a desire for extensive reading and for book discussion. 8. By establishing permanent reading habits, the library leads most children to better use of leisure time. From the standpoint of the community, an individual's use or misuse of leisure time is of paramount importance. In schools which have not adopted the platoon system, small collections of books are sent to classrooms. Twice every month the Department of Work with Schools publishes a bulletin. This is usually a single page containing a pertinent list of books or a message from the library to the schools. Every public and parochial school in the city gets acopy. Many requests come from other cities for the School Bulletin. so that its distribution is wide. In districts remote from any branch library, the Department of Work with Schools does pioneer library work. A school is selected which is fairly accessible to the community. A permit to use the school quarters is secured, and library service is given during certain hours of the week, both to children of the school and to adults of the community, by a member of the Department of Work with Schools staff. There are, at present, seven such school deposit stations in the public schools: at the American Avenue School, Crescent School, Brookline School, Sunnyside and Morningside Schools, Ralston Elementary and Industrial School, and at the Penn School, and one parochial school. Each year in May, a week is set aside which is known as Library Week in the Schools. At this time, teacher and librar-‘an concentrate on how they can improve service between the two educational agencies. A different phase of book interest :s stressed each year. The Carnegie Library School, formerly known as the [raining School for Children’s Librarians, was founded in (901. It was conducted as a department of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh until 1916. At that time it was made a separate department of the Carnegie Institute and the aame officially changed to the one now in use. The Carnegie Library School was the first library school to give specialized training in library work with children and it is still particularly well known for its service in that field. Two other courses are at present included in the curriculum, general ibrary work and library work with schools. The course is one year in length and students may specialize in the particuar type of library work in which they are most interested. Candidates for admission who are graduates of universities and colleges with a recognized high standard may be admitted without examination, if they possess the necessary personal qualifications for library work. Other candidates must present evidence of general education and experience sufficient to qualify them for the work of the course and must pass the required entrance examinations. Three years of college work or its equivalent is desirable. The rapid development of library work has created a demand for trained librarians which it has not been possible to meet. It is a profession which offers many interesting opportunities to those who have the proper qualifications for the work. CARNEGIE MUSIC HALL Carnegie Music Hall contains a magnificent concert organ which compares with the greatest in the world in variety, refinements and nobility of tone. The director of music of the institute gives two public recitals on this organ each week through nine months of the year. One recital is given on Saturday evening at eight-fifteen, and the other at four o'clock on Sunday afternoon. Over two thousand recitals have been given since the opening of the music hall. During the Lenten season the director varies the program in that on Saturday evenings he gives a talk on a musical subject illustrated with selections either on the organ or piano. Mr. Carnegie’s purpose in causing the series of recitals to be instituted, namely “creating in the people a love for music,” has been kept uppermost in mind at all times. In accordance with the founder’s purpose, the musical policy of these free concerts has been shaped so as to coincide with his expressed view: they are not entirely entertaining, nor yet solely instructive; but seek to present such a discriminate combination of the two, as to invite at all times a genuine affection for the soulful language of tones. as expressed by the great masters of music. For this reason these recitals do not address themselves to, or favor, any particular nationality, or period, or adherents of any special musical cult, or any particular faction or group representing a certain stage of musical appreciation. The purpose is rather to minister broadly to the musical needs of the community, the eye directed upward, yet not unmindful of those who, but for this provision, might not come under the refining and ennobling influence of music at all. The sole item of equipment is the great concert organ, newly erected during the season of 1918. This medium of expression has triumphantly demonstrated its adaptability to each and every demand, artistic and utilitarian: its capa- bility on every occasion to interest the people, the multitude as well as those of fine, sensitive discrimination. The present organ contains one hundred registers representing as many different tonal shades, produced in all by 7,669 pipes, not counting the bells, the chimes, and a concert grand piano. The inaugural recital of this great instrument took place on February 9. 1918. DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS It is the purpose of the Carnegie Institute in the field of Fine Arts to present for the education and pleasure of the people, collections of architecture and of sculpture, of paintings, graphic arts, and applied arts, and of all works of art expressing the qualities of beauty, grace, and harmony. In the Halls of Architecture and of Sculpture there are exhibited supreme examples of the great periods of art. In the formation of these collections it was the definite purpose to create, by the dignity of the groups, an inspiring and upliftmg sense of the glory of art, as represented by these masterpieces of all time. The visitor may forget the historical data, but the impression will remain. To this end the great monuments, portals, and columns, and the groups of statuary have been arranged, not so much as individual examples, but as parts of consistent compositions, the position of each object having relation to the completed groups. The Hall of Sculpture, beautiful in itself in proportion and design, with its white Pentelic marble columns and quiet green walls, creates at once an impression of harmony and beauty; and the statues and bas-reliefs installed there represent the beautiful in sculpture and illustrate the great periods of this art from its beginning to the end of the Roman period. At the end of the hall, which opens on to the main corsidor are statues and reliefs which come from Egypt and Assyria, Persia and Chaldea, and which belong to the earliest period. Here are severe and rigid figures, crude and primitive in form and modeling, yet possessing a mysterious and impressive dignity. To the period of early Greek art, of the seventh and sixth centuries, B. ¢., belong the Apollo from Tenea, the Archer, the Fighting Warrior, and the fragment of a bas-relief, Figure Mounting a Chariot. This was the period during which the sculptor by slow degrees perfected his art, securing first a greater degree of truth and realism, and later combining with these the supreme qualities of grace and distinction. The period of sculpture which is most completely represented is the period when the master sculptor, Phidias, was working in Greece. In the sculptured figures from the eastern pediment of the Parthenon, broken and fragmentary as they are, one sees the very perfection of the sculptor’s art. Russell Sturgis said, “There is no sculpture in the world finer than this. Nude forms and drapery alike are the models of all perfection.” These figures are installed on a long pedestal at one side of the hall. The Aphrodite of Melos, and the Giustiniani Athena, which stand at either end of the central part of the hall, are axamples of Greek art of the fourth century B. c. In the Roman period, sculpture lost some of the wonderful charm of grace and beauty which characterizes Greek sculpture of the fifth and fourth centuries B. c., but it still retained great power and nobility. To this period belong the two statues of Augustus. Adjoining the Hall of Sculpture is the Hall of Architecture. The impressive character of this hall will be felt by everyone who sees it. Here, in the presence of the great cast of the Facade of the Abbey Church of St. Gilles, one is impressed by the dignity and beauty of Romanesque architecture. So exactly does the clay-colored cast reproduce the stones and sculptures of the original that one seems to stand before the old French church itself. The three great doorways, with their round arches and sculptured decorations are beautiful in proportion and in design. The other casts of doorways, columns, and monuments which are installed in the central part of the hall are so arranged as to give an impression of imposing dignity. To the right of the center of the hall are two Greek portals, and between them is the beautiful Greek monument of Lysicrates, mounted on its high base. On the right of the entrance is a tall Greek column with its capital and entablature. and on the left is a tall Roman column with its capital and entablature. To the left of the center of the hall is the Gothic Portal of Bordeaux, with its pointed arch and sculptured ornament; and on either side of it are examples of Renaissance architecture. The details of architecture which are installed under the balcony are arranged in order of their neriod, beginning with the Egyptian at the right and ending with the late Renaissance at the left. This comprehensive, though comparatively small, collection of architectural details, combined as it is with the few beautiful representative examples of the various periods which are presented in all their imposing dignity, affords the student valuable opportunities for study, and yet gives to the casual visitor an umpression of great beauty. The paintings of the permanent collection represent the art of many lands. The collection is, therefore, broadly international in character. It is also contemporary, the oldest work having been painted within the past hundred years. There are works representing France, England, Holland, Italy, Norway, Belgium, Russia, Germany, and Austria; but America is more adequately represented than is any other country. The American works represent in some measure the entire history of American art, beginning with the period of Benjamin West and ending with the present day. French art is represented by such important paintings as “Evening in a Studio,”’ by Lucien Simon; “The Mirror in the Vase,” by Edmond Aman-Jean; “A Vision of Antiquity— Symbol of Form,” by Puvis de Chavannes; “The Judgment of Paris,”’ by Emile Rene Menard; “ Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus,”” by Dagnan-Bouveret, and “Under the Willows,”” by Paul Albert Besnard. The British painters, Sir Alfred East, Sir William Orpen, Sir John Lavery, Alexander Roche, and Maurice Greiffenhagen are each represented by an important canvas. Two important paintings by Anton Mauve and a fine example of the art of Jacob Maris may be named as belonging to the art of Holland, and paintings by Ignacio Zuloaga, Joaquin Sorolla v Bastida, and Valentin de Zubiaurre to the art of Spain. Contemporary Italian painters are represented by Ettore Tito and Italico Brass. Of the many fine examples of American art included in the collection, only a few can be mentioned here. The “Portrait of Sarasate,”” by James A. McNeill Whistler; the “Portrait of Henry Nicols,”’ by Gilbert Stuart; “ My Children,” by Abbott H. Thayer; “ Mother and Child,” by George de Forest Brush; “The Wreck,” by Winslow Homer; “River in Winter,” by John H. Twachtman; “ Afternoon near Arkville, New York,” by Alexander H. Wyant are all paintings which are representative of the best in American art. A collection of bronze statues and objects, reproductions of the bronzes from Pompeii and Herculaneum, casts of figures and reliefs by Saint-Gaudens, French, MacMonnies, Rodin, Barnard, MacNeil, and many others, for the most part contemporaries, and a large collection of photographs of the monuments and temples of Greece are also presented for exhibition in this department. Among the possessions of the Carnegie Institute are large and important collections of rare prints, including an exceptionally complete collection of American wood engraving, groups of etchings by Charles Meryon and James A. McNeill Whistler, the “English Landscape Series” by John Lucas after Constable, and a collection of Japanese prints. The Institute also owns an important collection of original drawings, in which the fifty-eight drawings by Anton Mauve and forty-eight by old masters form notable groups. It is only possible to exhibit small groups of these prints, engravings, and drawings occasionally, since the exhibition galleries are almost continuously occupied by the permanent collection of paintings and by current exhibitions. In addition to its permanent collections, the department seeks to arouse interest in the consideration of the modern evolution of art, its new trends, tendencies, and diverse manifestations. Therefore, throughout the year the department places before the public through special exhibitions many examples of the various phases and styles of achievement and experiments of the best modern art. First of all in importance among the special exhibitions is the annual International Exhibition of Paintings which has been held each year since 1896 with the exception of the five years of the Great War. Averaging about three hundred paintings, these exhibitions have been recognized as among the most important held either in Europe or America. They present paintings representative of the best standards of art and taste, works both by artists of established reputation and by young men and women who have yet to become known in the art world. These exhibitions, which are in the nature of a clearing house of the best in American and European art, attract many critics, artists, amateurs, and lealers from all parts of the United States. The twenty-seventh Carnegie Institute International Exhibition opened on October 18 and continued through Decem-Yer 10, 1927. Of course, in a general way all the activities of the department are educational, but more than that, it strives to educate, in the stricter sense of the word. the young and old alike. For the children the department conducts this work especially through the agency of the public and parochial schools, where it has proved of unusual importance in the development of public taste in the community. The students of the entire eighth grade of the public and parochial schools, numbering almost eight thousand, come three times during the school year with their teachers, as part of their school work, to study the permanent collections of the Department of Fine Arts. For adults the main work of education consists of a series of morning and evening lectures given during the winter and spring in the lecture hall of the Institute. The majority of these talks are informal in character. The main purpose of the lectures is to popularize the refinements of nfe. DEPARTMENT OF THE MUSEUM The museum occupies the greater portion of the eastern side of the main building, with a floor space at its command of 152,074 square feet. In its activities it covers the natural sciences and the applied arts. Fifteen sections are already organized. This section covers mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes. The mammals are on the second and third floors. The museum has about 6,000 mammals, representing nearly 2,000 species. Here are the mammals collected by Childs Frick in British East Africa and Abyssinia, part of the Roosevelt East African collection, and many other notable collections made in both hemispheres. Among the many groups may be mentioned the zebras, giraffes, wart-hogs, African buffaloes, antelopes, Buxton’s koodoos, all shot by Childs Frick; the group of bears (Ursus gyas) obtained at Pavlov Bay, Alaska; the group of jaguars killed by John M. Phillips in Mexico; the group of black rhinoceroses, one shot by Colonel Roosevelt, the other by Childs Frick; the group of Steller’s sea-lions; and the group of Alaskan fur-seals. One of the ornaments of the gallery is the white rhinoceros brought from Lado by the English traveler, Major Cotton, many years before Colonel Roosevelt visited that spot. Another interesting group is “The Camel Driver Attacked by Lions,” by Jules Verreaux, awarded a gold medal at the World's Fair in Paris in 1869. This was the first specimen owned by the American Museum of Natural History and was subsequently turned over to the Carnegie Museum. Among the important American groups are those of the Alaskan brown bear, the black bear, and the white-tailed deer from Pennsylvania. The gallery of birds is located on the first floor of the museum. The study collection is on the third floor. The museum has over 90,000 specimens representing over 6,000 species. There are many beautiful groups, among them “Count Noble,” the ancestor of the finest setter-dogs in America, putting up a covey of quails; a group of vultures settling upon the dead body of a wapiti;a group representing the pelicans on Pelican Island; and many others. A series of small habitat groups of birds has been planned. Three of these groups have been completed: the horned owl, northern raven, and blue goose. As a whole the collection of birds is one of the most important in the new world. The celebrated Buller Collection, upon which Sir Walter L. Buller based his second edition of “The Birds of New Zealand,” is here. The gallery of reptiles is on the first floor in the southeastern corner of the building. The museum has over 9,000 specimens of reptiles, mainly from temperate North America, but there are many from Central and South America. Among the most striking groups are the diamond-back rattle snakes, collected in Texas, and the boa-constrictors from the Isle of Pines. The hall of fishes occupies the southeastern corner of the building on the first floor. The great part of the collection of fishes and reptiles is contained in the so-called “Alcoholic Store-Room,” annexed to the building as a precaution against fire, The museum has one of the most important collections of South American fishes and the largest collection of Japanese fishes in North America. Here are the sponges, marine and freshwater shells, echinoderms, and other invertebrates. The exhibition series is locat-2d on the second floor in the southeastern corner, over the gallery of reptiles. Most of the collections are preserved in rhe Laboratory of Invertebrate Zoology, on the third floor. The shells include various important collections containing the types and co-types of many species described by early American authors, and an enormous series of the Union-‘dz of the Mississippi Valley. There are thousands of species »f land and freshwater shells, and great collections of Crustacea, etc. A few of the insects are shown on the second floor, but most of the collections are contained in the Laboratory of Entomology on the third floor. There are many thousands of species of butterflies in the collection deposited by Dr. W. J. Holland, director emeritus. The museum also owns the Coleoptera of North America gathered by the late Henry Ulke of Washington, 11,000 species, represented by 110,000 specimens; the Coleoptera assembled by the late Dr. John Hamilton of Pittsburgh; and vast collections of the insects of other orders made in all parts of the globe, acquired either by purchase or gift. There are not less than 1,500,000 specimens of insects, representing approximately 150,000 species, including thousands of types and paratypes. Part of the botanical collections are exhibited in the gallcry of plants on the second floor, in the southwestern corner of the museum. The Herbarium, in the mezzanine, contain 150,000 species of plants systematically arranged and ready for consultation by students. It is one of the largest herbaria in North America. The mineralogical collections are exhibited on the first floor inthe Gallery of Geology and Mineralogy. The reserved collections are on the third floor. The minerals include the celebrated Jefferis Collection purchased by Mr. Carnegie. This collection contains many specimens orginally figured in Dana’s “Mineralogy.” One of the exhibits in this gallery is the group of stalactites and stalagmites obtained at Naginey, Pennsylvania. The paleontological collections are among the most extensive, beautiful, and famous in the world. The mounted vertebrates are on the first floor. The invertebrates are on the second floor. The collections include the great Bayet Collection, containing 120,000 specimens, being the largest and best collection representing the fossil fauna of Europe to be found in the New World. It has been said that “to study the mammals of the Miocene and the reptiles of the Jurassic one must visit Pittsburgh.” Among the striking objects are the skeletons of Camarasaurus in the matrix, found in the National Dinosaur Monument in Utah, of Apatosaurus louisae named in honor of Mrs. Carnegie, and of Diplodocus carnegiei, named in honor of Mr. Carnegie. Copies of the latter have been presented to the National Museums of England, France. Germany, Russia, Austria, Italy, Spain, and Argentina. Portions of these collections are placed in the gallery of avian anatomy already alluded to, and in the gallery of vertebrate anatomy, the latter adjoining the gallery of mammals. There are thousands of specimens. The exhibits occupy almost the entire space on the third floor. Here is the largest collection of Costa Rican antiquities in the world. Here are large collections representing various North American tribes from Alaska to Panama: collections illustrating the manners and customs of the aboriginal people of the South Sea islands and of Africa. There are extensive Egyptian collections. One of the most striking objects is an Egyptian boat obtained from a burial crypt at Dahshur, Egypt, which was placed in the crypt where it was found, six hundred years before Abraham left Ur of the Chaldees to seek the Promised Land. There are many groups of Indians and one of the finest collections of Indian basketry in existence, deposited in the museum by he late G. A. Steiner. The collection of coins and medals is extensive and includes the collection presented to the museum by Mrs. William Thaw, Jr., made by her husband; the collection presented by Harry J. Vandergrift; a collection made by Magnus Pflaum; the large collection of historical medals made by the late William M. Darlington and presented by his daughters; and numerous other collections, large and small, acquired by gift or purchase. Here is the collection of postage stamps made by the late Arthur Burgoyne, including the collection of Senator M. S. Quay, presented by him to Mr. Burgoyne, The collections in these three sections are contained in the Gallery of Decorative Arts, on the first floor. They include thousands of specimens representing fictile and textile wares, both ancient and modern. Here a splendid collection of Anglo-American pottery assembled by Otto J. Bierly is displayed. The collection illustrating the evolution of methods of transportation is on the third floor and contains a large series of models and many relics of historic interest, including the aeroplane on which Galbraith Perry Rodgers made the first flight across the continent of North America. These collections are principally located on the first floor in the gallery of applied art and in the room set apart for the reception of the collections donated or deposited in the museum by H. J. Heinz. The collection of ancient Chinese and Japanese ivory carvings is notable. Part of these collections are in the coin room on the first fioor, and part in the gallery of applied arts. There are specimens of silverware, bequeathed by the late J. C. Grogan; a collection of old silver deposited by Herbert DuPuy; many Chinese and Japanese bronzes; a collection of old Japanese arms, deposited by Irwin Laughlin; and the Heinz collection of watches, which includes the gold watch which belonged to Admiral Nelson the hero of Trafalgar. One of the most attractive and valuable of the collections in this section is that recently presented by Mr. and Mrs. Herbert DuPuy, which besides a wonderfully extensive series of miniatures, is rich in enameled, inlaid, and carved boxes made of the precious metals. Historical collections are preserved either in the library of the museum or on the third floor. Among the interesting historical objects is the skeleton of the horse upon which ““Stonewall” Jackson was seated the night he was killed at Chancellorsville, a number of the cannon surrendered by General Burgoyne to General Gates at the battle of Saratoga, and the collections belonging to the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The library of the museum is on the first floor. It contains the extensive private library of scientific works deposited by Dr. W. J. Holland, as well as the many thousands of volumes collected by the museum. The museum publishes a series of octavo volumes known as the “Annals,” and a series of quarto volumes known as the “Memoirs,” besides annual reports and other occasional publications. The director emeritus of the museum is the editor of these publications. From its inception the museum has carried on intensive studies in various fields and has been one of the leaders of research in America, especially in zoology, botany, and paleontology. The museum has either sent out or assisted in sending out many expeditions to various parts of the globe. A recent expedition from the museum traversed the interior of the peninsula of Labrador from south to north, the first time this feat was accomplished by white men. The results of the researches are in part embodied in the “Annals” and “Memoirs”’ of the museum. Classes from the eighth grade of the public schools of Pittsburgh and schools of Allegheny county visit the museum every day of the fiscal year. They are given instruction in natural history by members of the museum staff detailed for that purpose. In addition to these, annually, hundreds of classes from the elementary and secondary schools of the region of which Pittsburgh is the center visit the museum. The Carnegie Museum was the first institution of its kind in America to establish “Prize Essay Contests.” The first of these was held in the year 1896. For a time the contest was discontinued but was revived in the year 1922, and is now held in conjunction with the Department of Fine Arts. The essays submitted in the last contest numbered over 2,000. Traveling collections of mounted specimens are lent to public and private schools. Advanced students reading for degrees in course or preparing theses for post-graduate degrees are granted the facilities of the museum and are permitted to carry on work in the laboratories. Students from institutions of higher learning from all over the continent and from foreign lands have been welcome and have remained in residence for shorter or longer periods. During the winter free lectures are given by noted scientists in the lecture hall of the museum on Thursday evenings and Sunday afternoons. Illustrated talks are also given on Saturday afternoons exclusively for children. GREATER PITTSBURGH'S CHURCHES There are more than 2,000 church properties within a thirty-mile radius of Pittsburgh, which have a valuation of more than $100,000,000. This value averages about $53 for each inhabitant of the district, and almost $70 for each person affiliated with the churches. Of Greater Pittsburgh’s churches, 561 are located in the City of Pittsburgh, and 1,301 in Allegheny County. The remainder of the total given as within the 30 mile radius are in portions of Butler, Beaver, Westmoreland and Washington Counties, within a circle extend-:ng 30 miles from the Pittsburgh court house. Proportionally the church population of Pittsburgh is one-fifth larger than that of the rest of the United States. Almost a million and a half people are affiliated with the churches of Greater Pittsburgh. The church population of Greater Pittsburgh is larger than the combined population of the five states of Arizona, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey and Wyoming. More than 2,200 clergymen conduct services in the community and religious instruction is given in Sunday schools with almost 450,000 Greater Pittsburgh’s youths. Allegheny County has more Sunday schools than any other county in the State of Pennsylvania. It has twelve schools where the regular attendance is over 500, and one with a registered list of 1,100 persons. Greater Pittsburgh is the seat of bishops of the Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal. Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic churches. Within the Greater Pittsburgh district the following enumeration of churches may be made: Roman Catholic, 300; Presbyterian, 275; Methodist Episcopal, 267; Evangelical Lutheran, 227; Baptist, 203; United Presbyterian, 178; Protestant Episcopal, 75; Hebrew, 62; Reformed, 48; Christian, 46; Greek Catholic, 45; Free Methodist, 32; African Methodist Episcopal, 81; Evangelical, 24; Methodist Protestant, 23; United Brethren, 21; Christian and Missionary Alliance, 16; Greek and Russian Orthodox, 14; Evangelical Church of North America, 10; Africian Methodist Episcopal Zion, 14; Reformed Presbyterian, 18; Church of God, 12; Spiritualist, 11; Primitive Methodist, 11; Christian Science, 10; Congrega- tional, 22; Pentecostal Church, 7; Unitarian, 4; Church of the Brethren, 4; Seventh Day Adventist, 3; Church of Christ, 3; New Jerusalem, 2; others not enumerated 154. The first formal religious services by white men were held in Pittsburgh in 1749 by Father Bonnecamps,a Roman Catholic chaplain attached to Captain Louis De Celoron’s expedition. A few years later, when the French from Canada seized the fort at the Point, naming it Fort Duquesne, they had with them Father Deys Baron, a Roman Catholic priest of the Order of St. Francis. The French erected a chapel at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers which they dedicated “The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin of the Beautiful River.” In the archives at Montreal there is a register of the baptisms and deaths at Fort Duquesne. From the time the French evacuated the fort, the Roman Catholics in Pittsburgh had no resident pastor for a half century. On November 24, 1758, the English flag was hoisted at the Point by Colonel Armstrong and a few days later a Presbyterian minister, who was attached to the expeditionary forces, conducted the first Thanksgiving Day services west of the Allegheny Mountains. Presbyterians were in Pittsburgh as early as 1758. The Presbytery of Redstone was organized in 1781 at the Pigeon Creek meeting house, Washington County. Three years later the Rev. Joseph Smith was sent by the Redstone Presbytery to preach in Pittsburgh, he thus becoming the first local resident minister of this denomination. In 1784 the Presbytery of Pittsburgh was incorporated. The Penn heirs gave a site to this denomination for religious purposes at Sixth avenue and Wood street. The first Presbyterian Church, a log structure, was erected in 1785. This property has remained the site of the First Church of this denomination in Pittsburgh. FIRST NATIONAL BANK AT PITTSBURGH In its long history, the First National Bank at Pittsburgh has been a conspicuous and important agent in the business of this city. Many of the firms and corporations whose activities have been delineated in this series of booklets which tell “The Story of Pittsburgh,” have been aided by this institution, and some of them have grown from small to large concerns during the period of their connection with this Bank. To these clients the thanks and best wishes of the Bank are extended, and to others the invitation is open to associate themselves with a Bank whose capital is sufficiently large to enable it to take care of all business, or every sort, offered to it, and whose facilities, at home and abroad, assure prompt action on all financial matters. Many privileges are conferred upon you when you become a depositor in the First National Bank at Pittsburgh. It receives your money, taking absolute care of it, and in its Savings Department pavs Four Per Cent compound interest. In its Checking Department, it pays out money on your order, enabling you to meet your bills by mail, thus avoiding the necessity of keeping money in the house. or carrying it in you~ pocket. The Bank supplies you with check books, in which you can keep an accurate account of receiptsand expenditures, returning to you cancelled checks, which are receipts for money paid. It receives for collection checks given to you, on whatever bank they may be drawn, here or elsewhere, and places the proceeds to your credit. It collects coupons on Liberty and other bonds, without expense or trouble to you. Its officers will give you expert advice on all financial matters, including the investment of money. The Bank desires to call attention to the expert service of its Tourist Department, whichisin the hands of men who have made this business their particular object for many years, and who regularly prepare their vacation programs for particular Pittsburghers. The Bank is the agent for all Ocean, Coastwise and Lake steamship lines, and can obtain for you the best accommodations. All details of travel are looked after. including the obtaining of passports, providing of Letters of Credit and Travelers’ Checks, the buying and selling of foreign money, and various matters which add to the pleasure of travel. Capital. ........ Surplus. . ... Undivided Profits and Reserves. . Deposits. . . .. Resources. . .. $6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 1,817,054.45 84,701,389.76 106,716,001.57 DIRECTORS RoserT Warpropr, Chairman of the Board Frank F, Brooks ......ececeee ween Vice-President E.M. BYERS. Chairman of the Board, A. M. Byers Co. HENRY CHALFANT........_ Chairman of the Board, Spang, Chalfant & Co., Inc. W. L. CLaUSE,....................Chairman of the Board, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. W. D. GEORGE..cc...... weereneennn Real Estate J. H. Hivuman, Jr... Chairman of the Board, Hillman Coal & Coke Co. A. L. HUMPHREY oor President, Westinghouse Airbrake Co. D. T. Layman, Jr.. ceeeeenennnnn Henry Phipps Estate Be Bl Je pein eer Capitalist A.M. MORELAND coo ceoeeeeennCapitalist P. W. MORGAN, .................... President, First National Bank, Wilmerding, Pa. GEORGE E. PAINTER ooo, wt eeeeennenn Capitalist E. W. PARGNY cco President, American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. WM. A. RENSHAW .._.oooooooeneconeannnn John A. Renshaw & Co., Pittsburgh A. C. ROBINSON....oceoooeo....... President. Peoples Savings & Trust Company Lawrence E. Sans... eran eeene PESTA ETE Isaac M. SCOTT. coven. President, Wheeling Steel Corporation CLYDE C. TAYLOR cocoons oeeevcenennnn Vice-President and Cashier Vernon F. Taylor... . ......Banker and Oil Operator, Indiana, Pa. Benjamin THAW... oo......Capitalist and Trustee, Thaw Estate ROBERT WARDROP.................... Director of Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland and Vice-President, Peoples Savings & Trust Co. E. T. WHITER oceoeeeeeeeeeeoneeeeeeeeneeanneanene Fice- President Penna. R. R. Co. Toun M. WILSON, .................. President. National Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. OFFICERS [ AwWRENCE E. SANDS. o.oo... Frank F. BrRooOKs... CrLype C. TAYLOR........... J. HowARD ARTHUR Wirriam H. FAWCETT........ Tuomas B. Hupsown GriErR C. ORRucoerooe Joun DEM. WERTS Oscar WILSON... WM. J. FRANK oe Presiden; Vire_President Vice-President and Cashier Vice-President Aeciciant Cashier Assistant Cashier Assistant Cashier Assistant Cashier Assistant Cashier Manaver Foreien Department P. W. DAHINDEN cee Assistant Manager Foreign Department J. PauL Forp........ Aeictant Manager Foreign Department FIRST NATIONAL BANK AT PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA FIFTH AVENUE AND WOOD STREET CONVENIENT FOR YOU fo ga E ; OO 3 => 3 =a Q nN w >» ND) 0 Nn > (hn a = dh 0 - + ta —-< Oo 0 OO CD =. NA O 0 ® > i Q oo oo J ™ w ® > 3 0 © Pd A) -! k the left is a tall Roman column with its capital and entablature. To the left of the center of the hall is the Gothic Portal of Bordeaux, with its pointed arch and sculptured ornament; and on either side of it are examples of Renaissance architecture. The details of architecture which are installed under the balcony are arranged in order of their period, beginning with the Egyptian at the right and ending with the late Renaissance at the left. This comprehensive, though comparatively small, collection of architectural details, combined as it is with the few beautiful representative examples of the various periods which are presented in all their imposing dignity, affords the student valuable opportunities for study, and yet gives to the casual visitor an impression of great beauty. The paintings of the permanent collection represent the art of many lands. The collection is, therefore, broadly international in character. It is also contemporary, the oldest work having been painted within the past hundred years. There are works representing France, England, Holland, Italy, Norway, Belgium, Russia, Germany, and Austria; but America is more adequately represented than is any other country. The American works represent in some measure the entire history of American art, beginning with the period of Benjamin West and ending with the present day. French art is represented by such important paintings as “Evening in a Studio,’’ by Lucien Simon; “The Mirror in the Vase,”” by Edmond Aman-Jean; “A Vision of Antiquity— Symbol of Form,” by Puvis de Chavannes; “The Judgment of Paris,”’ by Emile Rene Menard; “ Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus,”’ by Dagnan-Bouveret, and “Under the Willows,” by Paul Albert Besnard. The British painters, Sir Alfred East, Sir William Orpen, Sir John Lavery, Alexander Roche, and Maurice Greiffenhagen are each represented by an important canvas. Two important paintings by Anton Mauve and a fine example of the art of Jacob Maris may be named as belonging to the art of Holland, and paintings by Ignacio Zuloaga, Joaquin Sorolla v Bastida, and Valentin de Zubiaurre to the