308 AGRICULTURAL RELIEF Grange, not David Lubin, not the distinguished economist, Doctor Stewart, of Illinois—but Alexander Hamilton pointed out that the first step in the tariff system was the other half of the tariff. We have just had a half tariff system a century and a quarter, and we penal- 1zed agriculture by having half of it. As master of the National Grange I am not going to discuss high tariff, I am not going to discuss low tariff, and I am not going to discuss free trade. The grange will take its chances and the farmers of America will take their chances under any one of those three systems, provided he gets a fair onl, But the farmer is going to insist on something he has not yet had. As an individual I have very strong convictions. The first political speech I heard was made by the great statesman, William McKinley who talked 2 hours and 10 minutes, and as a boy who stayed from school to listen to that speech we enlisted for life. From the standpoint of the National Grange, high tariff, low tariff, free trade—we never discuss them. But 40 years ago the policy was laid down from which we have not deviated: “Tariff for all or tariff for none.” We farmers used to be thin-skinned when we were told we were talking politics. Oscar Underwood made the change from free trade, while in Congress, to advocate high pro- tective policy. Oscar Underwood did it because he was represent- ing his constituents; they had ceased to think in terms of politics and began to think in terms of business. Mr. Crarke. The man who succeeded in the McKinley district is now a distinguished member of this committee. Mr: Tourn, I am well aware of that fact. Ir. CrargEe. Congressman McS itt ( noted Dome. g cOweeney, sitting near the wall, a Mr. Taser. We only hope that Mr. McSweeney in the years ahead renders that same distinguished service to the public that the beloved McKinley rendered. He comes from a great district Bus going back to this problem, and I am taking more time than I In ende to develop it, but the point I am trying to make clear is pat we are trying to bring the farmer under the tariff and to bring develope within the industrial and commercial svstem we have Going back to Hamilton: He clearl i Naud overtale us as we porlized the baie: edocs. “oT Ne ow a be Teale gon Later on 3 13s not care to discuss it to-day. ME. JOXES. oI fac £ ion 1 his message in 1791 In the reps’ o 2 Ina te that recommendation in Ad be as e lreasury to the Congress, Mr. Taeer. You are ri ht. Th ion i i great document, and I on profonadly glad to den nan hat an "1 1 : ne 1 ona 1) ope a lot of other people will read it, because you will find in Tha me surprising things, some surprising prophesy. fariffs com, pass over a long period of development. Protective s came and went. Agricul £ . could not be brought inte ure requently suffered because it mist agrees that the [otetin rs wou WW Ar sedieg ably affect the price of that modity SF thoatty can not favor. rls, wale hr at commodity if there is an exportable monopoly control of the commodity. Unfor-