CHAPTER 11. 
or heads of departments throughout the industry ; but there are now 
many mills where the whole of the managing staff is Indian. 
Jute Mills. 
The jute textile industry, which employs about the same number 
of persons as the cotton textile industry, presents several points of con- 
trast. In the first place, it is practically confined to a single locality. 
Excluding four mills in the Madras Presidency, where a fibre differing 
irom the true jute is grown, and one in Bihar, the jute mills of India 
all lie in a small strip of country about 60 miles long and 2 miles broad, 
slong both banks of the Hooghly above and below Calcutta. In the 
second place, the industry has a big advantage in that India has a 
7irtual monopoly of the raw product. In the third place, the direction 
18 well as the management is almost entirely in European hands. Finally 
the jute mill is usually on a much bigger scale than the cotton mill : 
he average number of operatives employed. in a single mill is three 
imes as great as in the latter case. The following figures show the de- 
velopment of the industry in recent years :— 
Year, 
1892-93 
1902-03 
912 
1922 
023 
924 
1925 
1926 
1927 
1928 
920) 
ills 
& pm 
38 
32 
35 
Operatives, 
66,000 
19,000 
201,000 
320,000 
327,000 
339,000 
342,000 
333,000 
332,000 
339,000 
247.000 
Engineering and Metals. 
The group which we have designated Engineering and Metals 
comprises a number of factories of different types. Themost important 
lass consists of the railway workshops, which number 145 and employ 
136,000 persons. New rolling stock is made in a number of the principal 
workshops; but the bulk of the work consists of the maintenance and 
repair of the running stock. Hitherto the bigger shops have generally 
deen located in or near the centres of provinces, e.g., at Moghalpura near 
Lahore, Lillooah near Calcutta, Matunga and Parel in Bombay Island, 
Perambur near Madras, and Lucknow. But some, such as Khargpur and 
Kanchrapara, are in towns which depend almost entirely upon them, and 
the recently built shops at Trichinopoly (Golden Rock) and Dohad are away 
rom other industries. About half the workshops are managed by the State, 
which is thus responsible for over 78,000 railway workshop employees. 
ipart from these, there are a number of general engineering shops of