THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE FACTORY WORKER. 29 
The Bombay Municipality, on the other hand, has recently applied 
compulsion to two wards chiefly inhabited by millworkers, and we recom- 
mend to municipalities that wards of this type should be regarded as 
having a special claim where compulsion can be applied. We would 
also call attention to the desirability of bringing the upper age-limit 
for compulsory education at least up to 12 years, the minimum age for 
factory employment. The present system in Bombay, under which 
compulsory education stops at 11, involves the loss of a valuable year 
and jeopardises the results already achieved. We suggest that employ- 
ers might assist, wherever possible, by lending buildings in the workers’ 
lines or the factory compounds, by equipping schools and in other ways. 
Moreover the combination of the educational experience of the 
authorities and the practical wisdom of employers might lead to valu- 
able improvements in the ordinary curricula. 
Promotion of the Workman. 
One advantage which education will bring to the industrial 
worker will be the opening of avenues of promotion at present, closed to 
him. Ordinarily the jobber’s post is the highest to which a workman can 
aspire. It has been customary to fill the ranks above the jobber in 
various ways, all of which involve the importation of men from outside, 
and India presents in this respect a contrast to nearly all industrial Goun- 
tries. The loss is great, both to industry and to the workers, who have 
none of the incentive given elsewhere by the possibility of securing the 
prizes of their calling. It is true that in every country (as in every 
profession) the prizes are few ; but their existence has a strong effect on 
the work of the many, and particularly in developing the qualities of 
the more ambitious men. The effect of the absence of prospects is 
especially marked on the jobbers. These men, selected from a large 
number of fellow-workmen, would in other countries form the recruiting 
ground for the higher subordinate ranks. The incentive of promotion 
would stimulate energy and integrity. The fact that the jobber has 
ordinarily no prospect of going further strengthens the tempta- 
tion to take the fullest advantage of the position he has attained, and 
we believe that, if such a prospect (and the education necessary for it) 
existed, a different type of jobber would emerge. To industry the loss 
is as serious as to the worker. In other countries the constant selection 
and promotion of men from the ranks maintains the vigour of industry, 
As a rule the successful supervisor should know the workman’s task, 
not by observation, but through intimate experience as a workman. 
A mere knowledge of the processes and machines isinsufficient ; there 
must be that deeper, almost psychological, knowledge which evades 
definition, but which is born of sharing the mentality and the life 
of the operative, The deep cleavage between the ranks and the super- 
visory grades in Indian industry is a constant source of weakness. 
Apprentices. 
The lack of supervisors in India was at first made good in all 
industries . by importing Kuroveans. In recent. vears the cost of the