270 CHAPTER XV.—HOUSING OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKER, Origin of the Housing Problem. In every industrialised country the problems associated with the housing of the working classes have increased as industry has developed, and India has been no exception to that rule. During the past 50 years there has been a constant drift into the cities and towns. - In that time cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Rangoon have doubled and trebled their population ; other industrial centres such as Madras, Madura, Lahore, Jubbulpore, Nagpur and Cawnpore have increased with great rapidity, whilst new towns like Bhatpara and J amshedpur have sprung up in hitherto undeveloped areas. In each of these places the housing of the workers presents a problem, sometimes showing distinctive character- istics and requiring its own solution, but for the most part arising from similar causes. Limitation of space and high land values are responsible for much of the congestion in the large cities, but these factors have had less influence in the smaller towns and centres. Probably the most important common feature has been the lack of control over the selec- bion of sites intended for industrial development and the consequent additional overcrowding, caused by the presence of large numbers of immigrant workers seeking accommodation in the heart of towns already suffering from a shortage of houses. The combination of these circum- stances has led to the unsatisfactory conditions existing in nearly every industrial area. A more recent phenomenon has been the growth of the smaller industrial towns, particularly of those associated with such indus. bries as cotton, jute and mining. In and around such places land is usually plentiful and cheap, so that these handicaps to the extension of housing accommodation for the workers have had less influence. The same rapid growth in population has, however, invariably outstripped available housing and has contributed to the overcrowding, congestion and squalor. Thus the establishment of an industry in the average Indian town has, in certain respects, not always been an unmixed blessing. Whilst stimulating trade and Increasing the rateable value, it has added’ to the population large numbers which are a constant menace to the health of the community and frequently necessitate heavy expenditure owing to outbreaks of epidemic disease Overcrowding. Owing to the lack of the necessary surveys, there is to-day an absence of information regarding either the relative or the actual shortage of houses in urban and industria] areas. Moreover, few statistics relating to density of population are available, although a certain amount of indirect information on these points can be obtained from other sources. From the last census report it appears that 709, of the houses in Bombay city are one-roomed, and the Labour Office family budget investigation of 1921-22 showed that 979%, of the working classes were accommodated in one-roomed tenements with as many as 6 to 9 persons living in one room, In Karachi almost one-third of the whole population is crowded at the rate of 6 to 9 persons in a room, whilst in Ahmedabad 7 39, of the working