CHAPTER 11.
or heads of departments throughout the industry ; but there are now
many mills where the whole of the managing staff is Indian.
Jute Mills.

The jute textile industry, which employs about the same number
of persons as the cotton textile industry, presents several points of con-
trast. In the first place, it is practically confined to a single locality.
Excluding four mills in the Madras Presidency, where a fibre differing
irom the true jute is grown, and one in Bihar, the jute mills of India
all lie in a small strip of country about 60 miles long and 2 miles broad,
slong both banks of the Hooghly above and below Calcutta. In the
second place, the industry has a big advantage in that India has a
7irtual monopoly of the raw product. In the third place, the direction
18 well as the management is almost entirely in European hands. Finally
the jute mill is usually on a much bigger scale than the cotton mill :
he average number of operatives employed. in a single mill is three
imes as great as in the latter case. The following figures show the de-
velopment of the industry in recent years :—
Year,
1892-93
1902-03
912
1922
023
924
1925
1926
1927
1928

920)

ills

& pm

38
32

35

Operatives,

66,000
19,000
201,000
320,000
327,000
339,000
342,000
333,000
332,000
339,000
247.000
Engineering and Metals.
The group which we have designated Engineering and Metals
comprises a number of factories of different types. Themost important
lass consists of the railway workshops, which number 145 and employ
136,000 persons. New rolling stock is made in a number of the principal
workshops; but the bulk of the work consists of the maintenance and
repair of the running stock. Hitherto the bigger shops have generally
deen located in or near the centres of provinces, e.g., at Moghalpura near
Lahore, Lillooah near Calcutta, Matunga and Parel in Bombay Island,
Perambur near Madras, and Lucknow. But some, such as Khargpur and
Kanchrapara, are in towns which depend almost entirely upon them, and
the recently built shops at Trichinopoly (Golden Rock) and Dohad are away
rom other industries. About half the workshops are managed by the State,
which is thus responsible for over 78,000 railway workshop employees.
ipart from these, there are a number of general engineering shops of