CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVIII
THE INCIDENCE OF TAXATION

AUTHORITIES
SELIGMAN . ‘The Shifting and Incidence of Taxation,” and * Essays
in Taxation.”
BASTABLE . ‘Public Finance,” Book IIL.
PAGES
Taxes are paid by persons, though assessed on things. Shifting of tax
burdens generally increases their weight. Impact and incidence
distinguished. Direct and indirect taxes. Taxes on rent not to be
thrown off. Taxes on interest tend to raise the price of loans, and
thus to be thrown off. Effects of unequal taxation of income from
different kinds of property. The burden of taxes on’ profits is shifted,
in general. Taxes on wages add to cost of labour. The meaning
of transference of tax burdens to consumers. Burdens of taxation
modified by the benefits derived from public expenditures. Equivalent
taxation of different forms of revenue checks shifting. Occupation of
the field of investment by public enterprise. Actual taxation complex
and its incidence confused. Shifting of burdens generally a slow
process. Incidence of a house-tax. If imposed on owners affects site
values. Capitalisation of the burden. Partial transference to tenants
under favourable conditions. If imposed on tenants it is not readily
thrown off completely. Taxes on commodities transferred to consumers,
 Taxation of monopoly.
National debts. Comparison of burdens of loans and taxes.
Facility of raising loans tempts to excessive use of that method . 281-294

APPENDIX
PROBLEMS TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY AND
DIAGRAMMATICALLY

[he demand equation and the demand curve. Extension of demand and
increase of demand distinguished in their diagrammatic expression.
Marginal utility and total utility. Satiety. Variety in expenditure.
Elasticity of demand and its measure. The supply equation and supply
curves, Equilibrium of supply and demand. Relation of individual
producers to the aggregate supply. Second form of curves of demand
and supply. Application to international trade and to the problem of
barter. Effect of hindrances to exchange on the terms of exchange. In
general both sides are affected disadvantageously. Effects of taxes on
the price of the taxed product. Prices under monopolised supply.
Taxation of monopoly. Rent expressed diagrammatically. Relation
of rent to price. Effects on rent of rise or fall in prices. The problem
of distribution. Rent corresponds to marginal services of land in
production. The problem of joint supply . . 297-316
317-324

INDEX .