CHAP. 1] THE DOMINION OF CANADA 655 
of the Federation. At the 1908 elections for the Federal 
Parliament Mr. Pugsley was expected to carry for the 
Federal authorities his former province of New Brunswick, 
and Mr. Fielding did carry his Province of Nova Scotia. 
But on the whole, it must fairly be said that the plan has 
not worked badly, and that most Lieutenant-Governors 2 
are content to work in harmony with the party which may 
have a majority in the Legislature, though, especially of 
late years, the rule has been for the Federal Government 
to have Opposition parties victorious in the Provincial 
Legislatures. For example, Ontario under Sir J. Whitney 
since 1905 is a great and flourishing province, and in pro- 
vincial, and also in a measure in Federal politics, it is in 
opposition ; but none the less co-operation between the 
Governments has been quite satisfactory. It was not until 
1903 that a second Conservative province came into existence 
in the shape of British Columbia (Manitoba being Conserva- 
tive since 1900), but since then Conservatism has steadily 
advanced, and in 1911 even in Nova Scotia the Opposition 
gained ground. 
The old view that the Lieutenant-Governor is a mere 
creature of the Governor-General, which was at the bottom 
of the disputes on the question of the power to appoint 
Queen’s counsel and to pardon offenders against provincial 
laws and so forth, may be regarded as entirely gone. By 
virtue of their commissions from the Governor-General and 
by virtue of the terms of the British North America Act 
creating the Governments of the two re-separated provinces 
and continuing those of the Maritime Provinces, taken in 
conjunction with the terms on which British Columbia and 
Prince Edward Island joined the Union and the Acts creating 
the Provinces of Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, 
there is no doubt at all about the Lieutenant-Governor being 
representative of the Queen and having full powers to 
' As a matter of fact New Brunswick went Conservative in the provincial 
elections ; but in 1903 Mr, Pugsley had been irresistible. 
: Qo the Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick in 1908 declined to 
appoint nominees of his beaten Ministry to office.