CHAP. 13.—IN INDUSTRY CONTROLLED BY STATE 105

(art. 1) that employers’ and employees’ associations which have
voluntarily enrolled at least one-tenth of the workers of the industry,
whose status “promotes the welfare and education (especially the
moral and national education) of their members,” and whose directors
“ give proof of their competence, good moral behavior, and positive
faith in the nation,” may be legally recognized.
. “Collective labor contracts negotiated by legally recognized association
 * * * apply to the whole industry.” (Art. 10.) All controversies
 concerning collective labor relations arising out of the
application of collective contracts, or in connection with any conditions
 to. be fixed for labor, are to be settled by a special section of
the courts of appeals. (Arts. 13,14.) Strikes and lockouts are punished
 by fines (art. 18), and in case of State and public-utility enterprises,
 by solitary confinement (art. 19). Directors of legally recognized
 associations who refuse to carry out the decision of the labor
magistrate are punished by imprisonment. (Art. 22.)
Articles 4 and 5 of the charter of labor sum up the basic provisions:
The collective labor contract gives concrete expression to the common interest
of the various elements of production (capital and labor) by reconciling conflicting
 interests of employees and subordinating these to the higher interests
of production at large. The labor court is the organ through which the State
acts in settling labor controversies, whether these arise in connection with
observances of rules or agreements already made or in connection with new
tonditions. to be fixed for labor:
Trade associations (consisting of the legally recognized employers’
and employees’ associations of the trade) are “required ” to regulate
by collective contracts the labor relations of the industry. These
collective labor contracts must, under penalty of voidance, contain,
among other stipulations, statements of the “amounts and manner
of payment of wages.” (Art. 11.) If wages are based on piecework,
Plece payments must give a chance to the faithful worker of average
ability “to earn a minimum in excess of the basic wage.” (Art. 14.)
Collective labor contracts extend also to home workers.” (Art, 21.)
In 1926, 1,060 labor agreements were negotiated—326 national, 89
regional, 199 provincial, and 796 local.® Agreements seem to show
8 tendency toward a Srna increase in wages. Cost-of-living
allowances are added to the wage scale, with the provision that they
may be revised after an interval of three months.” In October, 1926,
2,121,240 workers were organized in the National Confederation of
Fascist Syndicates? Wages in agriculture have been settled ona
broad scale through collective agreements by compromise between
the parties .
The ‘thorough application of the above-cited provisions has so
far been guaranteed by the dictatorial régime in Italy. The maintenance
 of these conditions implies the development of an organic
System of legal fixation of wages, based on cooperation of the interested
 parties, but under the direction of the State.

Jpg Fennachio, Alberto : The Corperative State. New York, Italian Historical Society,
27, p. 68. . .
"Idem, p. 70.
* Idem, p. 66.
2 ‘oternational Labor Office. International Labor Review, Geneva, January, 1927.
"4 Spain, since 1927, follows the example of Italy (p. 90). The constructive economie
Provisions of the “ Corporate State” seem likely ‘to be appled also in countries where
Political conditions are not quite those prevailing in Italy.