CHAP. 13.—IN INDUSTRY CONTROLLED BY STATE 107

case, management and labor are equally represented on the arbitration
 boards, while the casting vote rests with a representative of the
political government.
The report of the American Trade-Union Delegation ** refers to
the influence of the trade-unions which have become more independent
 since the introduction of the new economic policy, dividing
industry between State and private enterprises. These unions make
collective agreements with both State trusts and private concerns.
There are strikes in private enterprises but practically none in State
enterprises. There are several institutions for settling disputes between
 the management and the workers—the. standardization-conflict
 committees in the factory, the mediation chamber, and the
arbitration board. The bargaining for wage rates is left to the
standardization-conflict committees in the factories, on which both
management and workers are represented.
The two other more formal stages of conciliation and arbitration
are regulated by the labor code promulgated in 1922 (sec. 168 et
seq.).’* There is compulsion only in the case of violation of provisions
 of labor legislation or of collective or individual employment
contracts. There are no legislative provisions against strikes.
The central authorities of the Russian trade-unions have, however,
 taken a firm stand against strikes in State undertakings.”
During the first half of 1925 industrial disputes involved 426,241
workers, of whom 894,358 worked in State enterprises, 26,507 in public
 and cooperative enterprises, and 5,376 in private enterprises.
These disputes have in the majority of cases been settled by conciliation
 or arbitration. Strikes sanctioned by unions involved only
1,972 workers in private and cooperative enterprises, and strikes in
State enterprises, breaking out contrary to the trade-union policy,
involved 22.255 workers. As to these strikes in State enterprises
disputes involving 6,568 workers were settled to the advantage of
the workers; disputes with 12,886 workers by compromise; and disputes
 with 8,101 workers ended with failure for them. As to the
small strikes in private enterprises, 23 ended with success for the
workers, 6 by compromise, and 5 by failure.
The number of workers involved in disputes, particularly when
new collective agreements had to be concluded, showed a strong
upward tendency in the second half of 1925.*¢
As regards the general problem of the fixation of wages it appears,
therefore, that in private enterprises there exist systems of concilialion
 and arbitration to reduce strikes, but no legal fixation of wages
and no application of minimum wage. In the State enterprises,
which are practically all-important, strikes occur only as a rare
exception. The wages paid depend, on the one hand, on the wage
policy of the State, the principles of which have been analyzed
above. and, on the other hand, on the demands of the workers and on

18 American trade-union delegation to the Soviet Union, Russia after ten years—
report. New York, International Publishers, 1927, pp. 17-19.
is International Labor Office. Legislative series, 1922-—Russla 1: Labor code, dated
Nov. 0, 1922. Geneva.
1 Tniernational Labor Office. International Labor Review, Geneva, August, 1926, p. 262:
“Labor disputes in Soviet Russia.”
16 dem, March, 1927, p. 450: * Labor disputes in Soviet Russia in 1924 and 1925.”
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