THE INDIAN PENINSULA 143

Ghégra, and the Gandak. The Gandak, which might almost
rank as the main stream, joins the Ganges near Patna.
The Ghéagra, under various names, drains the western
borderland of Nepal, and a branch of it forms the boundary
 between Nepal and Kumaon on the east of the latter
district. The Jumna marks the western boundary of
Kumaon and separates it from what are usually called the
Simla hill states.
The Gandak, as already noted, rises not far from the

SGOVE 12000 hm
S000 - 12000
1000 - §000
000 ~ S000 E-73
ver Fiat 2 DTT

F1G. 43.—The Upper Gangetic Basin.
sources of the Brahmaputra, and carries more water to
the plains than does the Ganges itself. Within the Himas
layas both the Jumna and the many-headed Ganges are hill
torrents, flowing over beds of rock and boulder, breaking
 into cataracts, and assuming all the picturesque phases
of mountain rivers; but from where they enter the plains,
and until they reach the sea, they pursue a wide and
uneventful career of land-making and irrigation, spreading
yver the flat alluvial soil in times of flood, and narrowing