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INDIA

by the departmental member, so that they may be ready
for decision. These officers are not secretaries to the
members, but secretaries to Government in the various
departments in which they serve, so that their position
is analogous to that of permanent under-secretaries in
England. In this distribution of administrative authority
there is one striking omission. There is apparently no
Member of Council for Foreign Affairs. This is explained
by the fact that the Governor-General himself represents
the Foreign Department, combining the functions of political
 member with his other duties.
But there is, of course, a Secretary in the Foreign
as in other departments, who submits all questions of
Foreign Policy direct to the Governor-General ; so that,
whilst all the internal affairs of the Indian Government
demand the attention first of the Secretary to Government,
next of the Member of Council whom they specially
concern, and finally of the Governor-General, the Foreign
Policy alone is matured by a secretary and sanctioned by
the Governor-General, whose administrative attention has
to be divided between the Foreign and six other departments.

The local Governments of Madras and Bombay still
retain something of their former dignity and independence.
Two members of the civil service and the local Commander-in-Chief
 formed the Council till lately. But the
commands in Madras and Bombay have been reduced to
a level in dignity with those of the Punjab and Bengal—
which are undoubtedly more important—and the Commander-in-Chief
 in Madras and Bombay is no longer
«“ His Excellency.” In Ceylon, where the united military
forces do not amount to half a brigade, he still retains this
dignity. The Governors can add to their Councils from
four to eight additional members for legislative purposes.
Half of these members must be non-official.
The Government of the four great regulation provinces
of India—e. Bengal, the United Provinces, the Punjab,
and Burma-—is administered by Lieutenant-Governors
appointed by the Governor-General. They are always