COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE. 85

and not under the control of the home chambers of commerce or
subsidized by them. The British Chamber of Commerce in Paris,
organized in 1878, is the oldest.
Prior to the war such chambers had been established and were
active in the following countries: Argentina (Buenos Aires) ; Belgium
 (Brussels); Egypt (Alexandria and Cairo); France (Paris
and Nice); Italy (Genoa, with branches at Milan and Leghorn);
Persia (Bushire and Mohammera); Portugal (Lisbon) ; Russia
(Petrograd, with branches at Odessa and Warsaw) ; Spain (Barcelona,
 with branch at Madrid) ; Tunis (Tunis) ; Turkey (Smyrna and
Constantinople; the latter the British Chamber of Commerce of
Turkey and the Balkan States).
The various chambers in the United Kingdom and abroad are
federated in the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the
United Kingdom. In 1915 there were 109 chambers that had joined
it, estimated to represent 28,000 members.
In addition to the annual meetings of the foregoing central organization
 there have been in recent years biennial meetings of the chambers
 of commerce of the entire British Empire, for the discussion of
matters affecting the interests of British trade as a whole. The
Association of Chambers of Commerce has limited its work to the
United Kingdom, but the London Chamber of Commerce has, from
time to time, organized congresses of chambers of commerce of the
Empire, some of which have been held in the Colonies.
A number of foreign and colonial ehambers of commerce have been
organized in the United Kingdom by foreign business houses represented
 there. In 1915 there were 12 chambers of this character.”

1 Archibald J. Wolfe. Commercial Organizations in the United Kingdom, Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Special Agents Series No. 102. The list given is as
follows :
Anglo—Portuguese Chamber of Commerce in London, founded in 1906, with about
100 English and 60 Portuguese members.
Australian Chamber of Commerce in London, founded in 1901, membership 158.
Austro-Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in London (Inc.), founded
in 1894 and incorporated im 1910, membership 270 to 800, subsidized by the Austro-Hungarian
 Government.
Belgian Chamber of Commerce in London (Inc.), organized in 1890 and incorporated
fn 1913, membership about 100.
Canadian Chamber of Commerce, London.
Chambre de Commerce Francaise de Londres, founded in 1883, subsidized by French
Government, about 231 members resident in England and 634 in France.
Ttalian Chamber of Commerce (Inc.), founded in 1886 and incorporated in 1890, subsidized
 by the Italian Government, more than 500 members.
_ Netherlands Chamber of Commerce in London, organized in 1891 and incorporated in
1904, about 340 members.
Norwegian Chamber of Commerce in London (Inc.), organized in 1906 and incorporated
 in 1908, membership 497.
Salvador Chamber of Commerce in London (Inc.), organized and incorporated in
1903, about 60 members.
Spanish Chamber of Commerce in London, founded in 1886, more than 200 members.
Swedish Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1906 and incorporated in 1807, about 640
members.