114 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.
fo China increased from 2,205 quintals in 1912 to 6,758 quintals in
1913. The syndicate later established an additional central selling
agency to handle its total export business, and was said to be planning
separate agencies for individual export districts.!
Further examples of the numerous German syndicates that have
centralized their export business in this way are the Export Syndicate
 for Sheet-iron, Cologne;® the Export Cartel for Railway
Rolling Material; ® the Spirits Syndicate: * and the German Ammeorium
 Syndicate, Bochum.’
COOPERATION AMONG NONCOMPETITORS.—In numerous instances
groups of manufacturers of noncompeting but kindred products have
deen formed for the better extension of foreign trade. The most
striking examples of these combinations are those which are alleged
to have operated in China prior to the war. In that market it would
be difficult for a single firm manufacturing machinery, railway supplies,
 etc., to represent itself. British authorities state that to remedy
this difficulty combinations of complementary German concerns were
formed. They say that one such organization embraced 47 engineering
 firms, besides Krupp &amp; Co., two shipping houses, one marine insurance
 company, one life insurance company, and one fire and building
 insurance firm; that it had branches with one or more Chinesespeaking
 Germans in charge at Shanghai, Canton, Tientsin, Hankow,
 Yunanfu, Peking, Hongkong, Chengtu, Wuhu, Tsingtao,
T'sinanfu, Mukden, and other places, besides 14 other offices in China
where Chinese staffs were maintained; that in the several provinces
only men who could speak the language and who understood the
local customs, manners, and usages were used ; that in addition to the
regular staff a number of Chinese merchants were employed as compradores;
 and that the organization kept in close touch with the local
Chinese officials.
While the American and British competitors were endeavoring to
sell their products individually the Germans began by saving the
Chinese trouble. Thus, if there was a mining venture to be exploited
the representative of the allied German manufacturers would go to
the local governors or parties interested and offer to take the whole
job, i. e., to sink the shafts, develop the mines, put in all the equipment
 required, build any railways or boat lines needed, erect power
plants and equip them, put up workmen’s dwellings, and would
finance the undertaking, if necessary. The Chinese did not have the
rouble of contracting for each part of the installation separately.
All they had to do was to take their share of the profits.
{ Handelsmuseum, 1914, p. 413. * Kartell-Rundschay, 1912, Pp. 438, 440, 481.
¥Kartell-Rundschau, 1911, p, 82, ¥ Kartell-Rundschau, 1914, p. 518.
}Kartell-Rundschau, 1914, p. 368.