126 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE,
depots have been established in Paris, and purchasers make their
choice of products.
COMBINATION AND CONCENTRATION IN OTHER INDUSTRIES.— Besides
the foregoing combinations, which have been examined in more or
less detail, there exist or have existed in France many others in the
various industries. The lace manufacturers of Calais, for example,
formed an exporting comptoir for handling the foreign sales of their
50 or more factories. In the Department of Seine-et-Oise the syndicates
 of Pecq, Bonniéres, Bennecourt, and Limetz are agricultural
organizations for centralizing shipments to customers. The Syndicat
des Maraichers de Tourlaville (market-gardeners) was formed for
the sale of vegetables in common, and the Syndicat des Fermiers
fraisieristes de Plougastel-Daoulas for the sale in common of strawberries.’

In the dye-color industry, in 1910, there was more or less concentration
 of the business, two of the leading concerns being the Manufacture
 Lyonnaise de Matitres Colorantes and the Compagnie des
Matiéres Colorantes et Produits chimiques de Saint-Denis.
In the case of perfumery, there was a tendency a few years ago
toward vertical concentration along two lines. The great perfumery
houses, such as Piver, Gallet, and Chiris, invested in large farms for
growing aromatic plants, and also sought to establish retail houses.
Both attempts failed; chemical essences, with or without a mixture
of floral essences, are being so widely employed that the manufacturers
 find it more economical to purchase their materials from chemical
 concerns; the establishment of large department stores set at
naught the efforts of the manufacturers to carry on retail branches.
Piver tried to operate six stores in Paris, but was compelled to close
them. Hence, the manufacturers content themselves with selling
directly to coiffeurs and to the large stores through their own agents.
They also sell at retail from their individual headquarters.
The great shoe manufacturers in France in 1910 had formed important
 retail companies in common, incorporated with capital of
from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 francs, and established numerous retail
stores where the goods of all of them are sold. Thus, the concern
known as the Incroyable has 20 branch stores and Fayard 30. They
found this system economical for the manufacturers, and held that
when a purchaser had been displeased with shoes of one make and
tried another brand, the manufacturer of the first make still had a
chance to get the trade of this customer, on account of the fact that
he was a stockholder in a number of these retail concerns, and in
seeking a company of a different name the customer might still pur-1C.
 Longuet, Des Syndicats d'Exportation en France, Paris, 1909, pp. 78, 80, 81.
*P. Passama, Formes Nouvelles de Concentration Industrielle, Paris, 1910, p. 48.
4 Ibid, D. 54.