142 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE,

Swiss firms in Eastern Asia largely control the world market in
Japanese and Chinese raw silks and silk waste. These are the main
factors that have made Ziirich an international center for the silk
industry, and similarly St. Gall for the embroidery industry.?
Several of the large Swiss export industries are affiliated with international
 cartels. For instance, the lace ‘and embroidery manufacturers
 are members of the international cartel of that industry,
which was formed in Munich in 1913.2
Embroidery industry.—Embroidery is the leading industry in
Switzerland, both for value of total product and for value of goods
exported. In 1912 the value of the total production was 229,000,000
francs ($45,000,000), and exports were 219,000,000 francs ($43,
000,000). The United States and England are the chief buyers.
In St. Gall is located the Swiss embroidery exchange, and that city
is also the seat of the Association of Swiss Embroidery Exporters.
The St. Gall manufacturers have the leadership over their competitors
 throughout the world; they originate the new styles and
designs for the whole embroidery industry. The Swiss embroidery
industry is organized into cartels, of which the leading ones are:
The Association of Owners of Swiss Shuttle-loom Factories, the
Association of the Eastern Swiss Chain Stitching Industry, the Association
 of Shuttle-loom Embroideries of Switzerland and Vorarlberg.
 .
The last-named cartel was organized in 1913, and its main office
is in St. Gall. The purpose of this combine is to cooperate with exporters,
 to regulate output and prices, and to establish agreements
with similar combines at home and abroad.*
Silk industry.—The total value of the silk goods produced in
Switzerland in 1912 amounted to 120,000,000 francs ($24,000,000),
while the exports were valued at 115,000,000 francs ($23,000,000).
In the same year the total value of the silk-ribbon production was
43,000,000 francs ($8,600,000), and the exports amounted to 41,500,000
francs ($8,300,000).°
In 1905 the Swiss silk manufacturers formed the Verband Schweizerischer
 Seidenstoff-Fabrikanten. In 1907 the Verband der Cachepezfabriken
 der Schweiz und Deutschlands was organized, with headquarters
 at Ziirich. The leading Swiss, south German, and Saxon
firms belong to this cartel.®
In 1907 six of the largest manufacturers of silk bolting-cloth combined
 and formed the A.-G. Seidengaze-Fabrik, Ziirich und Thal.

1, Geering u. R. Hotz, op. cit, p. 184
2 P. H. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 204 fol.
® Das Handelsmuseum, 1913, p. 447.
+ Kartell-Rundschan, 1913, p. 866.
s T. Geering u. R. Hotz, op. cit., p. 75.
yHandworterbuch der Schweizer, Volkswirtschaft, 1911, Vol. 3, p. 986,