152 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.

manufacturing and selling American machinery in Japan in cooperation
 with the Shibaura Works, of Tokyo. The Western Electric
Co. is in similar cooperation with the Japan Electric Co. Vickers
(Ltd.), of England, has established a steel foundry in Japan in cooperation
 with the Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship Co., of Japan.
The usefulness of the Japanese in these cooperative arrangements
comes from the exact knowledge of the requirements of the consumers
 and of ways to comply with those requirements.
Conditions in particular industries.—An analysis of the leading
manufacturing industries and their paid-up capital in 1912 shows
that saké brewing, with 369 establishments, surpassed all others as
to number, followed by raw silk with 807, and soy and miso with
225. In paid-up capital the cotton-spinning business, with 65 million
yen, ranked first, followed by the mining and metallurgical with
50 million, gas with 54 million, coal mining with 43 million, shipbuilding
 with 28 million, petroleum boring and refining with 26
million, and paper mills with 22 million yen, respectively.
One of the most important industries in foreign trade is the textile.
In this line particularly, in the markets of North China and Manchuria,
 the Japanese are winning the trade from American producers.
Conditions in the textile industry are discussed on pages 265-269.
Some account of a few of the other important industries is given
in the following paragraphs:
Raw siuk.—The raw-silk industry in Japan is one that has made
the greatest development in recent years, largely because it has been
actively encouraged and fostered for many years by the Government.
Practically one-third of the total exports of Japan consists of raw
silk* Japan and China at present are the greatest raw-silk produeing
 countries, and in the volume of exports Japan is the first among the
countries of the world, supplying about 28 per cent of the total consumption
 of the world and about 60 per cent of that of the United
States.® The value of her raw-silk exports in 1914 amounted to
161,797,411 yen. Since 1894 the United States has been the best
rustomer; France comes next. and Italy, Russia, and England
follow.®
Tea—Tea comes next to raw silk as the most important agricultural
 product for export trade. The total exports of tea in 1914
were valued at 12,709,985 yen. By far the largest amount, 11,075,558,7
went to the United States. It has been alleged that syndicates of

i George H. Blakeslee, Japan and Japanese-American Relations. 1912, pp. 134 and 185.
The Japan Yearbook, 1914, p. 387. -
*Japen in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, 1904, p. 135, fol.
+ J. Morris, Japan and Its Trade, 1902, p. 72.
} The Japan Yearbook, 1914, p. 346; Japan As It Is, 1915, p. 102,
The Fifteenth Financial and Economic Annual, 1915, p. 107.
!Ibid., p. 106.