160 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE,
more than it exported to either France or Belgium. (See Pt. II,
p. 21.) The International Shipping Pool is represented by the Holland-American
 line;* the dynamite and explosives combination,
through a branch establishment;? the European Petroleum Union,,
through the Société belgo-hollandaise Schibajeff &amp; Co.;® and the
merger of the oil interests of the “ Shell ” Transport &amp; Trading Co.
(Ltd.) and the Royal Dutch Co.,* is known as the Royal Dutch Shell
combination. There is a Dutch-Belgian syndicate of manufacturers
of crockery ware, which is concerned principally with the regulation
of prices, and has three factories in the Netherlands and two in
Belgium; ® the Nederlandsche Cement Syndikat;® the Potash Syndicate;
 the cartel of Dutch and Belgian superphosphate factories;
and there are cartel agreements among steamship lines and also
among fire insurance companies.”
Agreements in the nature of cartels but local in scope exist in several
 industries. Such is the “ Bond van Nederlandsch-Grossiers in
Fruit” in Amsterdam? and district understandings for fixing the
price of sugar beets, which have at times been extended so as to include
 numerous factories in a union which has the effect of a_cartel.
There are conventions of salt makers and of shell-lime factories,” and
one company controls the peat-moss industry.? There are domestic
cartels for gravel, tiles, earthenware pipes, and an extensive and apparently
 important organization of the manufacturers of potato
meal,” but it may be said generally that combinations in domestic
industries are comparatively unimportant.
Canada.—For a general consideration of the combinations in
Canadian industry reference is made to Part II, pages 141 to 169,
where the special reports of Consul General Foster of Ottawa, Canada,
 and of Consul General Mansfield of Vancouver, British Columbia,
 are printed in full.
Tae Export Association oF Cawapa (Lap.).—This association is
incorporated under the laws of Canada with an authorized capital
of $100,000 in shares of $100 each, with headquarters at Montreal,
Canada, and branches at London, England, Aukland, New Zealand,
and Melbourne, Australia, and is composed of 95 of the leading
manufacturers and producers in the Dominion of Canada, covering
practically all lines. Business is done on a percentage basis, and
orders are sent direct to the manufacturer or throuch the head

1 Baumgarten &amp; Meszlény, op. cit., p. 179.
2 Report of the Industrial Commission on Industrial Combinations in Emrope, 1901,
Vol. XVIII, p. 201.
8 R. Liefmann, Kartelle und Trusts, p. 168,
¢ Stock Exchange Official Intelligence, Vol. XXXII, 1914, p. 1460.
5G. De Leener, L’organisation syndicale des Chefs d’industrie, Vol. I, p. 258.
' Nederlandsche Jurisprudentie, 1918, p. 808.
"PF. M. Wibaut, op. cit., pp. 106-124,
8 Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on Trust Laws and Unfair Competition,
Mar. 15. 1915. pp. 283-284.