CONDITIONS IN PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES. 231

and 3,600,000 tons of finished iron and steel. At the same time
imports of iron and steel products amounted to about $40,000,000.
Combinations in the iron and steel industry in Russia relate chiefly
to,production and the sale of native and foreign products in the
domestic market. They take the form of syndicates, which may be
&gt;lassed as follows:
(1) Syndicates for the sale of their output in the home market to
private consumers.
(2) Syndicates for the sale of railroad material and other goods to
the Government.
(3) Exportation syndicates.
During the period of 1902 to 1909 there were 19 syndicates formed
in the metallurgical trade—1 controlling sales of iron ore, 1 of manzanese
 ore, 1 of pig iron, 1 of cast iron, 10 of finished iron and
steel, and 5 of articles made of iron and steel.2 The principal cartelled
 products were ore, pig iron, cast-iron pipes, sheet iron, tires
and axles, rods and drawn wire, nails, beams and ties, metal roofing,
rails, and assorted iron, including rails for mines.?
The “ Prodameta ” or the “Association for the Sale of the Product
of Russian Metallurgical Works” has for its purpose the sale of pig
iron, wrought iron, steel, and generally of every kind of product of
the metallurgical industry both on its own account and on commission.
 It is a joint stock corporation acting as the exclusive sales
agent of several manufacturers who have made agreements with it.
The management of the syndicate is in the hands of both a council,
consisting of representatives of all members of the syndicate, and a
board, elected by the stockholders of the incorporated company.
The Prodameta consisted in 1910 of 10 sections embracing altogether
 30 iron works.* The first section included two mills which
agreed to turn over to the Prodameta five articles (assorted or bar
iron, sheet iron, beams, ties, and rails) ; the second section, seven mills
which had agreed to turn over to the Prodameta the sale of four
articles (assorted or bar iron, sheet iron, beams, .and rails) ; the
third section, one mill (assorted or bar iron, beams, and rails) ; the
fourth section, three mills (assorted or bar iron, sheet iron, and
beams) ; etc. In 1912 the total sales of the Prodameta were apportioned
 by territorial or regional groups, as follows:
(1) To the iron mills located in South Russia, 74.10 per cent.
(2) To the iron mills located in Poland, 18.60 per cent.
(3) To the iron mills located in central Russia, 2.44 per cent.

1 §tatesman's Year-Book, 1914, p. Mi; Russia, Ministry of Finance, Bzhegodnik (An.
ual), 1914, Petrograd, 1914, p. 641; and Statistical abstract of the principal and other
foreign countries, No. 39, London, 1914, p. 113.
31, B. Kafengaus, Sindikaty v. russkol Zhelegnoi promyshlennosti, Moscow, 1910, p. 74.
11. M. Goldstein, Ekonomicheskaia politika, second edition. Moscow, 1913, pp. 243-244,
\ @livitz, quoted by @oldstein, op. cit., p. 244, footnote,