240 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.
Germany, where he had never been able to make sales. The reciprocal
 cooperation among Germans prevents the introduction of foreign
devices.
Typewriters.—Practically the only opposition to the supremacy
of the American typewriting machine in foreign trade comes from
Germany, and this is of recent origin. The president of a prominent
American concern stated (1915) that a few years ago Americanmade
 typewriters had the whole field to themselves, but now had to
meet the competition of 26 German machines. An association or
league of German typewriter manufacturers and dealers has recently
been formed. A large number have already joined, and an effort
will be made to include all dealers in Germany and Austria-Hungary.
 The object of the league is to secure a greater recognition for
German typewriters as an example of German skill and industry, to
advance their sale, etc.
Sewing machines.—In Germany there is an association of sewingmachine
 manufacturers (Verein Deutscher Nihmaschinenfabrikanten
and Interessenten, Dresden), formed in 1899, and practically all
German sewing-machine makers are members. In recent years it
has actively opposed the importation of American sewing machines,
and has issued over its name frequent appeals in the press urging
German buyers to favor the domestic product.
Bicycles.—The Association ‘of German Bicycle Manufacturers
(Verein Deutscher Fahrradfabrikanten, Frankfurt, a. M.) has 47
members. It has been very successful in lessening imports of foreign
 bicycles, which at one time were much favored by the German
 consumers at the expense of the domestic product, and has been
very active in the discussion of the customs tariff as affecting the
industry, and in standardizing selling prices.
Other German machinery organizations are the Association of
German Machine Builders (Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau Anstalten,
 Diisseldorf), the Association of German Brewery Machinery
 Manufacturers (Verband Deutscher Maschinenfabrikanten fiir
die Brauindustrie, Berlin), the Association of German Mill Builders
(Verband Deutscher Miihlenbauanstalten, Berlin), the Association
of Weighing Machine Manufacturers,” renewed in 1914 (Verein
Deutscher Brueckenwage Fabrikanten), and the Association of German
 Printing Machinery Manufacturers (Vereinigung Deutscher
Schnellpressenfabriken, Berlin). Many of these associations appear
 to be cooperative organizations engaged in promoting the trade
of their members, but not having a cartel or syndicate character.

1 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Special Agents Series No. 78 (1914), pp.
43. 44.