CONDITIONS IN PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES. 249

There are a few large manufacturing concerns in Manchester, such
as Tootal, Broadhurst, Lee Co., Ashton, Hoar &amp; Co., The Fine Cotton
Spinners’ &amp; Doublers’ Association (Ltd.), the English Sewing Cotton
Co., and others who trade direct with buyers abroad, but even these
will sell to Manchester merchants at a lower price than they make to
their own foreign customers.
Combinations among manufacturers.—The British textile industries
are distinguished by very thorough specialization and concentration.
The cotton manufacturing industry of the country is said to be more
highly differentiated than that of any other country. Importing,
spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing, bleaching, merchandising, all
constitute separate trades carried on by separate groups, and only
in a comparatively few instances are spinning and weaving carried
on by the same firms. Practically all the cotton manufacturing is
done in Lancashire, spinning in the southern, and weaving in the
northern portion. The manufacture of woolens and worsteds, while
less restricted in locality than the cotton manufacture, is largely centralized
 in Yorkshire and in the Tweed district. Bradford, in Yorkshire,
 is the largest worsted manufacturing town in the world and the
chief market for raw wool.!
There is also a high degree of specialization in the worsted industry,
 but less differentiation in woolen manufacture. In this branch
carding, spinning, and weaving are generally carried on by the same
firm. Linen shows a separation between flax growing and preparing,
spinning, and weaving. Carpets, curtains, lace, hosiery, sewing cotton
 are all separate industries. There is also considerable specialization
 among individual firms in cotton and wool.
It results from this organization of the textile industry that those
combinations which exist in it are not such as to produce highly
integrated concerns. Combinations very generally take the “horizontal”
 form, i. e., they are associations among firms and companies
in the same line of trade, having as their chief object the elimination
of competition rather than increased efficiency of a single concern.
After the combination is secured, however, the management is driven
so seek efficiency.®
Combinations varying in size, activity, and importance are operative
 in the several branches of the British textile industry. Such
combinations as the Bleachers’ Association, or the Wool Combers,
Limited, whose relation to export trade is indirect, or those which,
like the United Velvet Cutters’ Association, cover minor branches
of the industry, are not described here. Only the larger outstand-1

 Ww. J. Ashley, British Industries (London), 1903, pp. 93, 94. G. G. Chisholm, Commercial Geog., 6th
i., p. 238.
3H. W. Macrosty, The Trust Movement in British Industry, London, 1807, p. 117; United States
Tariff Board Report, Cotton Manufactures, p. 468,
* Macrosty. op. cit.. p. 123-