CONDITIONS IN PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES. 255

textile industries of Great Britain, takes an active part in fostering the
export of British textiles. The Bradford dyers dye finished cloth and
therefore can establish proprietary names and make them known not
only to the merchants to whom they deliver the goods but also to the
ultimate consumers. Consequently it pays the Dyers’ Association to
send travelers abroad to spread the knowledge of its specialties and
to study the tastes and demands of purchasers. It is as much concerned
 with these matters as are its merchant customers who actually
sell the goods.!

GERMANY,

Germany occupies third place in the textile industry of the world.
It has approximately 162,000 plants, 16,000,000 spindles, and 500,000
mechanical looms. The value of the total annual production amounts
to over 2,000,000,000 marks (over $475,000,000).*&gt; In 1912 there were
348 joint-stock companies in the German textile industry, with a
total paid-up capital of 651,600,000 marks and net profits amounting
to 34,800,000 marks.?
The large bulk of Germany’s export trade in textiles passes through
the ports of Bremen and Hamburg. The Bremen Cotton Exchange
was organized in 1872 by merchants, shippers, and manufacturers of
Germany and was joined later by allied interests in Austria and Switzerland.
 It has become the center of a national German cotton market,
and virtually all German spinners buy American cotton through the
Bremen Exchange.
Combinations.—In no branch of Germany’s industries has the cartel
form of organization during the past 10 years been developed as
extensively as in the textile industry. The Berlin Yearbook for
Trade and Industry mentions 55 textile cartels in 1913. This growth
has taken place notwithstanding the fact that there are few large
industries which offer greater obstacles for cartelization than most
branches of the German spinning and weaving industries. The
great number of small and medium-sized plants, the diversity in
qualities and grades of the various products, constantly changing
styles, and the dependence upon foreign markets for raw products
are some of the main factors which make it difficult to establish
uniform standards and thereby to combine the conflicting textile
interests into cartels.®
This split-up condition of the textile industry has tended to
increase competition and to give a predominant influence to the

1 Macrosty, op. cit., p. 159, and The Statist (London), Mar. 2, 1912, p. 468, and Feb, 28, 1014, p. 446.
2A, Oppel, “Dis Deutsche Textilindustrie” (Leipsic), 1912, p. 9.
¢K. Helfferich, Die wirtschaftlichen Krifte Deutschlands, 2. Ausgabe, 1914, p. A.
4W. Lochmiiller, Zur Entwicklung der Baumwollindustrie in Deutschland Jena. 1906, p. 37, and
Jppel, op. cit., pp. 59 ahd 116. .
5 Kartell- Rundschau, 1909, pp. 771, 773; Kartell-Rundschau. 1914, p. 3; Berliner Jahrbuch fiir Handel
1. Industrie. 1913. 1. p. 132 fol.