CONDITIONS IN PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES. 259

imported chiefly from Belgium and France, and the exports amountng
 to 4,687 tons and valued at 3.253.000 marks, went nearly all to
Austria-Hungary.
In 1911 the jute cartel comprised 32 factories, including 148,916
spindles and 7,614 looms,
The cartel regulates the production, sales, purchases, and prices
of its members through a common selling agency.!
Cloth.—The German manufacturers of woolen goods for men’s
clothing in 1912 formed the ‘‘Deutsche Tuchkonvention.” This
cartel combines 470 firms with a total of 25,000 looms, or approximately
 98 per cent of the total number of looms. Recently the cartel
made an agreement with the wholesale cloth dealers. In 1915 a
community of interest was also effected among the following combines
 in this industry: ‘‘Arbeitgeberverband der Herren u. Knabenkleider-Fabrikanten
 Deutschlands, E.-V.,” ‘Verband Deutscher
Kleiderfabrikanten, E.-V.” Rheydt; ‘‘Fabrikanten-Verband der Ber-Berliner
 Knaben u. Burschenkonfektion, E.-V.”’?
Silk.—The silk industry leads all other branches of the textile
industry as regards cartelization. All of its important branches are
organized into selling-terms cartels. The velvet-material, velvetribboi,
 and silk-ribbon conventions are among the best organized
price conventions, and have assumed an international character.
The eight leading silk cartels are: *
(1) The association of manufacturers of velvet and plush in Germany
 (Verband der Sammt-und Plischfabrikanten Deutschlands).
(2) The confederation of manufacturers of velvet ribbons (Versinigung
 der Sammetbandfabrikanten 1910).
(3) The association of manufacturers of silk goods in Germany
(Verband der Seidenstofffabrikanten Deutschlands).
(4) The confederation of hatband manufacturers (Vereinicung der
Damen-und Herrenhutbandfabrikanten).
(5) The confederation of German manufacturers of umbrella coverings
 (Vereinigung deutscher Schirmstofffabrikanten).
(6) The association of manufacturers of cravat materials (Verband
der Krawattenstofffabrikanten).
(7) The agreement of German and Swiss muffler manufacturers
(Konditionenverband der deutschen und schweizerischen Cachenezfabrikanten).

‘8) The association of “Turquoise” silk manufacturers (Verband
der Turquoisefabrikanten).

1 Kartell-Rundschau, 1911, p. 139; Statistisches Jahrbuch f. d. Deutsche Reich, 1914, pp. 185, 216;
Oppel, op. cit., p. 147: J. Singer, Das Land der Monopole: Amerika oder Deutschland? (Berlin), 1013,
p. 218.
3 Jahresbericht d. Handelskammer zu Elberfeld, 1913, I, p. 28; Kartell-Rundschau, 1915, pp. 4, 734.
3 Kartell-Rundschau, 1913, p. 257 fol.
‘4. von Beckerath. Die Kartelle der Deutschen Seidenweberal-Industrie, 1811, p. 56, fol.