286 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE,

TABLE 23.— United States exports of chemicals, 19183, 1914, 1915

Acids:
Sulpburic.........
All other...
Aleohol, wood...
Baking powder..........
Barks, extracts for tanning.
Salefum carbide. .
Jopper sulphate...
Dyes and dyestuffs.
Jmseng.........
Lime, acetate of..............
Medicines, pacent or proprietary.
Petroleum jelly. ...........
Roots, herbs, and barks. .........
3oda salts, and preparations of.....
Sulphur or brimstone, crude...
Washing powder and fluid. .
All other.

Total chemicals. _ ..

1913

$103, 725
381,208
827, 130
865, 751
507, 886
946, 430
211,753
356,815
1,479,578
2,157,866
4,966, 353
635, 435
475,945
1,59, 761
505. 691
8,765. 880

26, 787. 207

1914

$140,375
619, 501
479, 121
778, 632
1,084,088
988, 641
327,967
537,539
1,265, 390
832, 526
8,520, 553
639, 848
410,055
* 734,908
.807,324
533, 066
11,286. 208

28,985. 832

1915

$998,124
9,055,875
632,242
856, 299
4,163,352
1,154,982
680, 541
2,511,065
17539, 161
552, 862
8,109,067
1,034,256
753, 661
7,114,205
724,679
584,355
39,930, 595
80. 395. 321

1 Figures cover period beginning July 1.

The principal imports were nitrate of soda, ammonia, potash,
colors and dyes, creosote, glycerin, gums and acids of various kinds.

GERMANY.

Germany ranks first in the manufacture of chemicals. It is with
Germany principally, and with Switzerland, England, France, Italy,
and Japan incidentally, that the American producer is concerned.
The industrial organization which has been so large a factor in
the commercial successes of Germany has been especially effective
in the chemical industry owing to the special nature of manufacture
and distribution. The various products manufactured are so interrelated,
 the raw products and intermediates of one are so often
directly necessary for another, the distribution of basic chemicals is
in so many cases essential to the production of finished products that
great economies have been obtained by organization. The world’s
market in dyes, for instance, comprises more than 900 distinct chemical
substances made by the use of 300 intermediate products resulting
from the transformation of 10 crude products: obtainable from coal
tar. In this manufacture Germany is said to have taken out about
9,000 patents in 40 years. The industry involves more than 1,200
different products and processes, and comprises many independent
yet interlaced units of manufacture. In the German chemical industry
 there is apparently no competition between individual manufacturers;
 they work together as a unit through various cartels and associations
 for selling. (See Pt. II, p.69.) Americans encounter these
German trade combinations in South America, China, Japan, India,
and at home. For many of the chemicals Americans export or might
axport in competition with Germany they are dependent on the latter
country for the raw materials that go to make them. Attempts to