288 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE,

patents! The entire German color industry is completely organized
and accustomed to act as a unit in furthering the general interests at
home and abroad.
The German coal-tar dye ‘industry exports three-fourths of its
products annually. From 8,294 metric tons in 1880 the exports
rose to 93,671 metric tons in 1912. During the same period the
value of these exports increased nearly fourfold, viz., from 53,500,000
marks ($13,000,000) in 1880 to 209,100,000 marks ($52,000,000) in
1912. The chief customers are normally Great Britain, the United
States, and China (indigo).? The German official statistics for the
calendar year 1913 give the value of dyes exported to the United
States as $9,030,000.
The imports of coal-tar dyes into Germany are relatively small,
and come almost exclusively from Switzerland. In 1912 these
amounted to 2,995 metric tons, to the value of 6,537,000 marks.
According to Wenzel’s directory of the chemical industry for 1912
there are 22 firms in Germany which are engaged in the manufacture
of synthetic organic dyestuffs. Of these, 16 firms manufacture
coal-tar dyes, 11 being stock companies, four limited liability companies,
 and one a mercantile partnership with unlimited liability
for all the partners (‘‘Offene Handelsgesellschaft’’).s
A marked feature of the German coal-tar dye industry is its close
concentration into a few powerful groups. Of the 16 firms manufacturing
 coal-tar dyes, about nine-tenths of the output is controlled
by five large concerns, viz:
(1) Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (B. A. S. F.), A. G., Mannheim-Ludwigshafen;

(2) Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedrich Baver &amp; Co., A. G., Elberfeld-Leverkusen;

(3) Farbwerke vorm. Meister, Lucius &amp; Briining, A. G., Hochst;
(4) Leopold Cassella &amp; Co., G. m. b. H., Frankfurt ;
(6) Aktiengesellschaft fir Anilinfabrikation (Agfa), Berlin.
The predominance of these concerns in the dye-color industry is
30 large that new factories can hardly grow up, and of the smaller
ames only those existing for a long period of years can hold their own.’
ENTIRE INDUSTRY CONTROLLED BY TWO GROUPS.—The process of
concentration and combination which had been going on in this
industry for a number of years finally led to the organization of two
communities of interests which grew out of the above-named five
concerns. These two have an effective understanding and work in

1 F. Redlich, Die volkswirt. Bedeutung d. dsitschen Teerfarbenindustrie, Munich and Leinsie, 1914,
0. 38.
1 Tbid., p. 77 fol.
! Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Special Agents Series No. 98, 1915, p. 1%
VRedlich, op. cit., p. 78
iThid., p. 18.