8 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.

European manager, who has his office at Hamburg. He has under
his jurisdiction the Russian district, with eight branches and a
factory at Moscow, and also the Scandinavian district with a factory
at Neukopping. All Europe is managed from the office of the general
 European director at Brussels (now Copenhagen), who generally
 directs about 40 branches and 4 or 5 factories.
The American Radiator Co. conducts its business through the
central office located in Berlin and operates several German factories,
the most important of which is that at Schoenebeck. It is organized
in Germany as the “ National-Radiator-G. m. b. H.” German competition
 has Deen overcome to a large degree by the new and practical
patterns introduced, the up-to-date selling methods, and the efficient
radiators and heating appliances produced. The selling end of the
business is well directed by efficient American managers. The factory
is well equipped and can turn out goods at reasonably low prices.
Although the competition is strong, the American Radiator Co. has
made enough money in (Germany to build factories in other European
countries.
There are many other American combinations working in the German
 field besides those enumerated above.
No other prominent foreign combinations operating in Germany.
 —Foreign combinations come into competition with German
enterprises far more in foreign fields than in Germany itself. A few
foreign cartels have been able to operate in Germany for a few years
when their products were protected by patents. When the patents
expire, however, the goods are easily copied by the German manufacturers.
 The dominant position of local industry and a high and
carefully prepared tariff have been sufficient reasons to deter foreign
combinations from attempting to operate in Germany. It is interesting
 to note in this connection that no one of the many authors
who have written recently upon trusts and combinations in Germany
mentions other foreign cartels except those of American origin or of
an international nature.

INTERNATIONAL CARTELS, SYNDICATES, AND COMBINATIONS,

General remarks on the formation of international combinations.—
The economic depression of the year 1908 caused the German cartels
to regard the formation of international cartels more favorably.
During the years 1909 and 1910 the same tendency was also noticeable
 in other countries. It was thought that the internal economic
deficiencies could be strengthened by regulating foreign exports. The
existing combinations in the iron industry, the steel rail agreement
and the beam convention, as well as the international glass syndicate,
still remained in existence, and efforts were made in other lines.
Strong international movements in iron, zinc, and lead were noticeable
 between the years 1908 and 1910. In spite of the tendency to
promote international cartels the number of those actually existing
remained relatively small.
The Rail Trust and the North Atlantic Shipping Pool are examples
of international combinations which were made to regulate sales
conditions in foreign fields. Attempts were made to form combinations
 in the electric, chemical, and textile industries.