122 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.
prohibited. The price of sugar-beet seed has risen in Spain from
18 to 29 cents. -
Among the independent sugar mills, with which the Sociedad
General Azucarera de Espafia has to compete, may be mentioned
Morat6 y Sampera Ribas, Compaiiia de Industrias Agricolas, and
La Azucarera del Segre.
Alcohol combination—~The Unién Alcoholera Espafiola has its
principal office at Calle del Prado 20, Madrid. The general plan of
its organization is that of a stock company, and the le of
its “ consejo,” or board of directors, is Tirso Rodrigafiez y Sagasta,
the subdirector Sabino L. de Giococchea, and the counselors are
Antonio Rayo Villanova, Javier Gil Becerril, and Domingo Juliana.
This union buys all the residue of the beet and cane sugar manufactured
 by the Sociedad General Azucarera de Espafia, and by this
arrangement the Sociedad General Azucarera de Espafia names a
member of the “ consejo ” of the Unién Alcoholera Espafiola, who is
now Tomés Castellano. At the formation of this union the different
alcohol manufacturers sold their plants to the union, taking in return
stock in the union. They operate entirely in Spain, handling all
kinds of alcohol, such as pure alcohol, denatured alcohol, industrial
alcohol, and the like. It 1s estimated that this union handles about
70 per cent of the total output of such products inv Spain. It does
not export. Its selling methods are usually on 90 days’ credit or by
special contract. Both the quality and price of the products of this
union have been favorable to its standing in Spanish markets. This
company maintains a central bureau in Madrid, where all important
orders are received and distributed to various factories of the union.
When formed, in 1905, an attempt was made to create a trust including
 all alcohol factories, but some manufacturers refused to unite.
With the object of forcing the trust upon outstanding manufacturers,
 “dumping?” was resorted to, but consumers refused to
patronize these products, feeling sure that the low selling price would
only be temporary. In this manner the independent concerns were
protected. Through a combination of interests all the tefuse of sugar
manufacture has been secured, reducing the cost of raw material and
avoiding competition. For the fiscal year July 1, 1914, to June 30,
1915, the union declared a dividend of over 5 per cent. The union
does not seek to exclude outside manufacturers of its line of goods
in Spain, but, on the contrary, endeavors to include all.
Among independent alcohol producing concerns not members of
this combination may be mentioned the Compafiia de Alcoholes,
Messrs. Folch y Albifiana, and the Compaifiia Comercial Aleoholera,
all of which bear the same relation to the Government as the Union
Alcoholera Espaiiola.
The Spanish duty on alcohol amounts to $30.88 per hectoliter,
which makes the import of alcohol practically impossible. During
the year 1918 only 4,726 liters (4,998 quarts) of alcohol and spirits
were imported.
Paper combination.—La Papelera Espafiola is an anonymous comany,
 having its principal office in Bilbao, with an office at Bailén 6,
Barwlona. Sts legal organization is that of a stock company, having
a capital of 20,000,000 pesetas ($3,600,000), divided into 40,000 shares.
Its object is the exploitation of paper factories and industries directly
or indirectly connected with paper and the raw material used