128 REPORT ON COOPERATION IN AMERICAN EXPORT TRADE.

natural color, brown wrapping paper, with the following membership:
 A/B Tornator, G. A. Serlachius A/B, Hammaren &amp; Co. A/B,
Aeaenekoski Aktiebolag, Laeskelae Bruks A/B, Lepaekoski Fabrikers
 A/B, Kauttua Papperbruk, A. Ahlstroem, Alkticbolag Simpele,
 Enso Traesliperi A/B, Myllykoski Traesliperi A/B, Takfilt
Jo Pappersbruks A/B, Kymmene Aktiebolag, and Nokia Aktieolag.

In addition to these 13 Finnish factories there are 8 large Russian
 paper mills which are also members of the union for selling
perpen in Russia; namely, Koscheli Co.,- Count Ribeaupierre’s
aper Mills, and Promsino &amp; Bielokliutch.
The union operates in Finland and in Russia, mainly, but also
maintains agents in England, Germany, Turkey, and Australia. It
was founded in view of the excellent development of the industry
and mainly in order to unify the export policy of the various Finnish
mills in the then rapidly developing Russian market, but the union
also sells exclusively for its members in the Finnish market, controlling
 about 98 per cent of the entire output of Finland. From
the point of view of the individual factories, Finland is as foreign
a country as Russia, all inquiries being referred to the central office
as sole agent for Finland. Both in Finland as well as abroad the
two trade marks, of the factory and of the union, are used. In its
export activities the union works through sole agents having each
a well defined region. The competition of the union with native
Russian mills in Russia is largely on the basis of quality, as the
Finnish paper is the only good moderate priced wrapping paper on
the market.
The union controls the entire output of its constituent members
in brown wrapping paper. Some of the factories maintain separate
selling offices abroad and in Finland for the sale of their other
products, such as printing paper.
The management consists of two managing directors, with two
substitutes, chosen by the directors of the union, and it is understood
 that the stock of the union is owned by the constituent factories,
 pro rata, according to their capital and output.
It is a matter of extreme doubt if American firms can compete
with this union in the home market. In Russia and other foreign
markets there is no especial reason, other than freight rates and
tariffs and general acquaintance with the market, its needs and the
necessary selling methods, which should prevent American firms
from competing.
The Finnish Sawmill Selling Union.—The Finnish Sawmill Selling
 Union, Unionsgatan 28, Helsingfors, is a union of 15 large
sawmills, for export only, founded in 1915. The union sells largely
in England and France, and controls the entire stock of its members
which they assign for export. In the home market each mill sells
quite independently. }
The goods are sold abroad with each factory’s own trade-mark.
The union controls about two-thirds of the entire export of sawn
goods from Finland, but on account of the war has been unable,
so far, to fully develop its activities.
The management of the union’s affairs is. in the hands of three
delegates, with substitutes, chosen by special delegates from the