BPECIAL REPORTS FOR FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION. 139

tinople—Walter Berghaus and the Etablissements Jost. The Gutehoffnungshiitte,
 one of the largest foundries in the world, does practically
 all its business in Turkey through the Etablissements Jost in
Constantinople.
Along other lines we find the Orenstein-Koppel Aktien-Gesellschaft,
 representing a syndicate of producers of Decauville (narrow
 gauge) railway material. This combination has practically
stamped out the French and Belgian competition which formerly
controlled the supply to Turkey.
Another German syndicate operating in Turkey is the firm of
Philipp Holzmann, contractors of all kinds of construction work.
At present they have in hand the building of naval Jards, fortresses,
railroad lines, and highways. They are a powerful concern combining
 various interests in Germany. An idea of their efficiency may
be gained from the fact that the French road-building company in
the exploitation of its concession from the Turkish Government
awarded them several important contracts before the war. Such
concerns apparently do not enjoy nor seek any special favors at the
hands of the German or the Turkish Governments, but they invariably
 manage to interest, in their projects in Turkey, the German
banks and railroads in ‘Lurkey, and at home influential associations
{such as the union of locomotive works, car builders, steel-rail
manufacturers) which are so characteristic of German industrial and
commercial life and which, although they work in unison, apparently
 enjoy individual freedom and deprecate the idea of a controlling
 combination.
The Fluegel Pumpen Kartell, operating in Turkey, has been very
successful. All German makers of such pumps exporting to the
Ottoman dominions belong to the cartel. As a result these pumps
sell at a higher price than before. The formation of a cartel is dictated
 by the necessities of the particular market to be supplied and
includes only manufacturers supplying that market, so that there may
be another Fluegel Pumpen Kartell formed, for instance, by exporters
 to the Argentine Republic whose interests are identical.
The German pick manufacturers exporting to Turkey are syndicated
 ; they have a central office in Germany which approves or rejects
orders. So, also, German exporters of radiators. The German pick
cartel has grown so strong in Turkey, i. e., it has outdistanced all
competition to such an extent that it no longer attempts to conceal
its existence.
Another important German concern, the Mannesmann Werke,
makers of all kinds of pipes and tubes, is syndicated, but not to the
point of being able to exclude competition on the part of other
German Tt of similar articles, such as the Phenix Werke.
In the electric field, also, we find that the attempted amalgamation
has only partially succeeded. In Turkey the Siemens-Schuckert
Werke, the Allgemeine Elektricititsgesellschaft, and the Ganz Elektricitéits
 Werke apparently operate in competition with each other.
Each, however, seems to be specializing in a different line.
It is generally believed in this market that various German cartels
have been formed for Turkey, especially in the metal-goods trades,
and are actively at work." They do not necessarily have any central
offices in Germany or elsewhere, but act independently through numerous
 agents representing the individual manufacturers and operat.