Fl
Sn .
7 Unigorpal
2 Kiel
the reputation of Danish butter has been maintained for many iyes#rs, while,
by maintaining a fair price, the various packers have no incentivewo wer the
guality of their goods to meet cutthroat competition. That the SK} Cage Sh
this combination does not lead to extravagant prices is shown by the “that
at present the price of tinned butter for export is lower than that of Danis
butter consigned for sale to near-by open markets, where the price is made by
the competition of buyers. (From an export commission house.)
In our line of business (butter exporting) dealers on British markets are
well organized, being in a position to contract for immense amounts, insisting
upon payment in pounds sterling and c. i. f. their ports. (From a manufacturer
of dairy products.)
CarBoN PropucTs (GERMANY).

It is quite difficult to get at the actual facts, but it is pretty generally understood
 that the three principal carbon companies in Germany have entered into
a working agreement. They in this way dominate and control the prices of all
kinds of carbons and carbon products for consumption in Germany, as well as
for export.

In a recent interview with a native of South America, who is very much interested
 in carbons, he stated that he learned while in Germany a few months
ago that the carbon works at Berlin owned and operated by Gebr. Siemens
also held the controlling interest in the Conradty Works at Nuremberg and the
Plania-Werke at Ratibor.
We dp not know that the Austrian factories are in this combination, but they
nave in the past followed the prices and methods established by the German
factories. (From a manufacturer of electrical carbons.)
CEMENT (ENGLAND, GERMANY, FRANCE, AND BELGIUM). .

Prior to the present war we were in competition with English, German,
French, and Belgian cement manufacturers. We are at a distinct disadvantage
In such competition because such foreign manufacturers are permitted to form
export combinations, and, in some instances, combinations in domestic trade.
After the termination of this war we will, of course, again encounter such
competition. (From a manufacturer of cement.)
The cement trade to South America was virtually closed to us, despite the
differential taxation passed by Brazil, for example, when the European shipping
 combination of vessels, steaming from the United States to Brazil, raised
Lheir rates to overcome that differential tax. In this way, Germany, England,
France, etc, in times of peace, retained their cement trade to South America.
(From a prominent Baltimore man.)
CHEMICALS AND DYESTUFFS (GERMANY).

We meet the German trade combinations in the chemical line in South
America, China, Japan, and India, particularly such combinations as that of
the quinine manufacturers and growers, who practically control the quinine
production. (From a manufacturer of chemicals.)
Most of the heavy chemicals produced in Europe are sold through selling
combinations. Quinine sulphate abroad is absolutely controlled by a German
syndicate. However, we encounter these in buying, not in selling. In our line
we encounter no combinations in selling anywhere in the world. (From a |
manufacturer of pharmaceuticals.)
We have only the general knowledge that, in the dyestuffs derived from coal
tar, the Germans have, in the past, sold their products in the United States
very much below the prices elsewhere and supposedly below the cost of production
 in order to drive out of the business United States firms which had
started making certain dyestuffs. It is well understood that the dyestuff industry
 in Germany is controlled by a convention or by a combination of the
six large manufacturers and by this means they control the trade of the world.
(From a manufacturer of woolen goods.)

CHINAWARE AND EMBROIDERY (FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND),

‘We understand that there is a combination of dealers in chinaware at
Limoges, and a combination of embroidery manufacturers at St. Gdll. (From
a dry-goods merchant).