MISCELLANEOUS DATA CONCERNING FOREIGN CORPORATIONS. 595
Certic CoLrierirs, Capital £400,000. * }
Production about 250,000 tons.
This company is recently reported as having passed under the control of the
Thomas interests, but the last list of directors (1915) is as follows: .
Directors: Other affiliations:
Sir O, Philips, chairman......... Chairman, Elder-Dempster Lines, 5
Line (7 cargo steamers), Royal Mai
Steam Packet Co,
Evans &amp; Reid (coal exporters). :

C. E. Evans...
D. Jones. ..
P. Poore. .........
0. H. Williams.

Director in various Elder-Dempster subgidiary
 lines,
Taz ELpEr-DeMPsTER and Royar MAIL interests control the following:
British &amp; African Steam Navigation Co., Elder Line, Imperial Direct Line, Lamport
 &amp; Holt, Nelson Line, Pacific Steam Navigation Co., St. Thomas Dock,
ngineering &amp; Coaling Co. (West Indies), Union Castle Line.
In addition to these companies, D, A. Thomas is reported to be president of R.
Martens &amp; Co., of London, New York, Petrograd, and Paris, who are recently reported
a8 being interested in the export of American coal.

(4) ADDITIONAL FACTS AS TO COMBINATIONS AND INTERRELATIONS IN THE COAL
INDUSTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN WHICH AFFECT BRITISH COAL EXPORTS.

Other activities in the British coal and shipping trades that have
not been touched on in the foregoing are marine insurance and
private cars. There are few shipowners or brokers who do not
engage to some extent in the former, either as insurance brokers or
underwriters, sometimes as both. Lloyd's is composed of individuals
 and groups of individuals, and a policy will frequently have
2 or Jara signatures, each for a small amount of the face value of
the policy.
Avery large volume of the coal movement is carried on in private
cars, both from the collieries to tidewater and also to inland points.
These are controlled not only by the collieries themselves, but also
by merchants, both wholesale and retail, and it is not at all unusual
for even small retailers doing a ‘‘wagon’’ trade to have a few. This
can be done without a very great outlay of capital, as the bulk of
the cars are four-wheeled, not over 10 tons capacity, with a maximum
of 25 tons; few are fitted with air brakes, and the couplings are link
and hook. We also find the coal trade somewhat interested in car
trusts. The following is a list of directors, with their affiliations, of
the Wagon Finance Corporation, the only one of these bodies to
whose records we have access:
Directors:
Sir A. B. Markham, M. P.. chairman.
Lord Aberconway.....
R. Armitage, M. P.
W B M Rird

Other affiliations:
See Brodsworth Main Colliery Co. (p. 582).
See Tredegar Iron &amp; Coal Co. @. 577).
See Brodsworth Main Colliery Co.
Director, Bullcroft Main Collieries, Ox-Spat
 Colliery Co., Stavely Coal &amp; Iron
y 0.
H. Westlake... __ .+. See Brodsworth Main Colliery Co.
Apart from the quality of her coal and her geographical situation,
England's position in coal export trade may be definitely ascribed
to an adequate and cheap supply of marine transportation. A
so-called ‘‘tramp’’ steamer ne a cargo to the United Kingdom
must, in most cases, take a cargo of coal outward or go empty, and
so coal cargoes are eften taken at rates that barely pay expenses,
just to provide ballast for the outward voyage. In America the