i6  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
and  when  he  did  not  obtain  the  freedom  of  commercial
intercourse  that  he  expected,  his  followers  committed  many
acts  of  depredation  along  the  coast  from  Foochow  to  Ningpo.
This  roused  the  animosity  of  the  Chinese,  and  led  to  acts  of
retaliation  on  their  part,  many  of  the  Portuguese  being
massacred,  and  Fernando  de  Andrade  being  put  to  death.
These  Portuguese  adventurers  did  but  little  to  promote
amicable  relations  between  the  Chinese  and  the  Western
world.  The  Chinese  regarded  them  with  suspicion  and
fear,  and  they,  in  turn,  resorted  to  force  to  obtain  what  they
wanted  (see  Chapter  IX.  “Foreign  Trade”).  These  first
impressions  of  foreign  merchants  were  not  calculated  to
make  the  Chinese  desirous  of  entering  into  closer  commercial
relations  with  the  West.
During  the  reign  of  Wanli  (a.d.  1573-1620)  the  Spaniards
made  their  appearance  in  the  East.  They  made  a  settlement
in  the  Philippine  Islands,  which  they  held  until  the  recent
Spanish-American  War.  The  Chinese  emigrated  in  large
numbers  to  Manila,  the  capital  of  the  islands.  The
Spaniards  became  fearful  lest  these  colonists  should  become
too  numerous,  and  instituted  a  massacre  of  them  in  which
some  20,000  were  slain.  This  barbarous  action  doubtless
had  the  effect  of  lowering  the  prestige  of  the  Westerner
many  degrees  in  the  estimation  of  the  Chinese.
In  1622  the  Dutch  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to
gain  a  footing  on  the  Pescadores  Islands.  They  were  driven
out  by  the  Chinese  and  retired  to  Formosa,  where  they
erected  two  trading  forts,  one  at  the  north  and  one  at  the
south  end  of  the  island.  Here  they  carried  on  trade  with
China  until  they  were  expelled  by  the  famous  pirate  chief,
Koshinga.
During  the  Ming  Dynasty,  the  great  Jesuit  missionary,
St.  Francis  Xavier,  attempted  to  gain  an  entrance  for  the
preaching  of  Christianity  into  China.  He  himself  was  never
permitted  to  take  up  his  residence  on  the  mainland,  but  his
successors,  Michael  Roger  and  Matteo  Ricci,  were  allowed
to  settle  in  the  Kwangtung  province.  Later  on,  these
Jesuits,  through  their  knowledge  of  Mathematics,  Astronomy,