CHINESE  HISTORY:  THIRD  PERIOD  29
bringing  China  to  terms.  When  the  forces  of  both  nations
had  arrived,  an  attack  was  made  on  the  city  of  Canton.  It
was  taken,  and  for  a  time  held  by  the  foreign  forces.
The  war  was  then  carried  to  the  north,  and  the  allied
fleets  sailed  to  the  month  of  the  Peiho  River.  After  the
taking  of  the  Taku  Forts,  there  was  nothing  to  hinder  the
advance  on  Tientsin.  This  led  the  Chinese  to  sue  for  terms
of  peace,  and  the  Treaty  of  Tientsin  was  signed  on  June  26,
1858.  According  to  the  terms  of  this  treaty,  (1)  The
British  were  to  be  allowed  the  right  of  appointing  a  Minister
to  reside  at  Peking  ;  (2)  Newchwang,  Formosa,  Swatow,
and  Kiungchow  were  to  be  opened  as  additional  Treaty
Ports  ;  (3)  The  British  were  to  have  the  privilege  of  trading
on  the  Yangtze  ;  (4)  An  indemnity  of  2,000,000  taels  was
to  be  paid  ;  and  (5)  The  tariff  was  to  be  revised.  At  the
same  time  a  treaty  was  made  between  China  and  France,
and  the  Chinese  Government  was  obliged  to  agree  to  pay
the  same  amount  of  indemnity  to  France  as  to  England.
In  the  following  year,  the  question  arose  as  to  the  place
where  the  ratifications  of  these  treaties  were  to  be  exchanged. ­
  The  British  and  French  insisted  upon  Peking,
as  being  named  in  the  treaties,  but  the  Chinese  resolutely
persisted  in  offering  opposition.  The  British  and  French
fleets  proceeded  to  Tientsin,  and  finding  the  entrance  to
the  river  blocked  by  barriers  consisting  of  long  stakes
bound  together  with  heavy  chains,  decided  to  force  an  entrance. ­
  While  attempting  to  do  this,  they  were  fired  upon
by  the  Taku  Forts,  and  compelled  to  retire  after  suffering
considerable  loss.
The  British  and  French  were  not  long  in  seeking  reparation ­
  for  what  they  considered  an  act  of  treachery  on  the
part  of  the  Chinese,  and  a  formidable  expedition  was  fitted
out,  consisting  of  20,000  men,  of  whom  13,000  were  British
and  7,000  French.  This  expedition  landed  to  the  north  of
the  Taku  Forts,  and,  to  the  surprise  and  consternation  of
the  Chinese,  delivered  their  attack  from  the  land  side.
Although  the  Chinese  made  a  desperate  defence  the  forts
were  finally  obliged  to  capitulate.  The  way  being  opened