THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE

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to  Tientsin  the  fleet  advanced  up  the  river,  and  when  no
satisfactory  terms  could  be  arrived  at,  the  allied  forces  set
out  for  Peking.  On  the  march,  a  message  was  received
from  the  Manchu  Prince,  Tsai,  proposing  a  conference  at
Tungchow.  Parkes  and  Loch,  with  some  other  Englishmen
and  some  Frenchmen,  were  sent  to  Tungchow  to  complete
the  final  arrangements  for  the  conference.  While  on  this
mission  they  were  seized  by  the  Chinese  and  sent  as  prisoners
to  Peking.  Parkes  and  Loch  were  for  a  time  confined  in
the  prison  used  for  the  worst  criminals,  and  subjected  to
much  ill-treatment.  The  others  were  imprisoned  within  the
precincts  of  the  Summer  Palace  outside  of  Peking.
The  allied  forces,  as  soon  as  they  discovered  that  they
had  been  duped  by  the  Chinese,  advanced  on  Peking.  O11
the  way  two  engagements  were  fought,  one  at  Changkiawan,
and  one  at  Palikiao,  in  both  of  which  the  Chinese  were  put
to  flight.  Before  Peking  was  reached  the  Emperor  fled  to
Jehol,  leaving  Prince  Rung  to  enter  into  negotiations  with
the  invaders.
The  British  and  French  would  consider  no  terms  of  peace
until  the  prisoners  had  been  returned.  Finally,  Parkes
and  Loch,  and  all  who  had  survived  their  tortures,  were  set
free.  By  way  of  reparation  for  the  death  of  the  others,  the
British  and  French  envoys  authorised  the  commanders  to
permit  the  destruction  of  the  Summer  Palace,  which  had
already  been  looted  by  the  French.  In  justification  of  this
act  they  said,  “  the  punishment  was  one  which  would  fall
not  on  the  people,  who  were  comparatively  innocent,  but
exclusively  on  the  Emperor,  whose  direct  responsibility  for
the  crime  committed  is  established.”
The  Treaty  of  Peking  was  signed  October  22,  i860,
and  the  following  terms  were  agreed  to  :  (1)  An  indemnity
of  8,000,000  taels  was  to  be  paid  in  lieu  of  the  sum  mentioned
in  the  treaty  of  1858  ;  (2)  Kowloon  was  to  be  ceded  to
the  British  Government  ;  and  (3)  Tientsin  was  to  be
opened  as  a  Treaty  Port.
The  French  also  demanded  an  indemnity  of  8,000,000
taels,  and  a  special  article  provided  for  the  restoration  to