76  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
as  an  outer  defence  to  the  capital,  partly  to  look  out  on
Mongolia  ;  these  are  at  the  following  places  :—
Shantung  :  Tsingchow  and  Tehchow.
Honan  :  Kaifeng.
Shansi  :  Kweihwa,  Suiyuan,  and  Taiyuanfu.
Shensi  :  Sianfu.
Kansu  :  Ninghia,  Liangchow,  and  Chwangliang.
The  garrisons  designed  primarily  to  hold  down  the
conquered  Chinese  were  stationed  at  the  following  places  :
Szechwan  :  Chengtu.
Hupeh  :  Kingchow  (guarding  the  outlet  of  the  Yangtze
Gorge).
Kiangsu  :  Nanking,  with  sub-garrison  at  Chinkiang-Chekiang
  :  Hangchow,  with  sub-garrison  at  Chapu,  once
its  seaport,  now  silted  up.
Fukien  :  Foochow.
Kwangtung  :  Canton.
In  six  provinces  there  are  no  garrisons—five  of  them  #
the  air  strategically,  Kiangsi,  Hunan,  Kweichow,  Yunna* 1
and  Kwangsi,  and  the  sixth,  Anhwei,  being  until  Kangh* 5
time  administratively  part  of  Kiangsu.
In  each  of  the  eleven  provinces  thus  constituting  th e
Marches  of  the  Manchu  Empire  is  stationed  a  Warden  0
the  Marches,  the  Manchu  Generalissimo  or  Field  MarsW
(Tsiang  Kiin),  commonly  called  Tartar-General,  rankñté
with,  but  before  the  Viceroy  or  Civil  Governor-General,
generally  interfering  with  the  civil  government,  but,  though
now  innocuous,  originally  able  to  impose  his  will  upon  b 1 *
civilian  colleague.  Notwithstanding  his  high  rank,  he  h&amp;*
now  no  more  power  or  influence  in  the  defence  of  the  Emp ire
than  the  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports  has  in  that  of  England
CHINESE  MILITARY  ORGANISATION
Apart  from  the  effete  Manchu  army,  the  military  force*
of  the  Empire  may  be  divided  into  two  classes  :  (a)  tb e
ineffective  official  army  under  military  command  ;  (b)  tb e
effective  unofficial  army  under  civilian  command.  Tb e