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EXTRATERRITORIALITY  177
While  the  trading  states  were  weak  and  the  Moslem  power
strong,  the  imperium  in  imperio  thus  created  caused  no  more
trouble  than  the  old  protection  which  the  Roman  citizen
carried  with  him  everywhere  ;  but  in  the  course  of  years  the
Turkish  realm  lost  its  old-time  force,  the  more  powerfully
organised  nations  of  Europe  entered  the  field,  and  the
obligation  of  extraterritoriality  became  a  right,  claimed  by
all  strong  enough  to  enforce  it,  enjoyed  by  all  in  the  comity
of  nations,  and  duly  sanctioned  by  the  Capitulations  signed
with  each  power.  These  are  the  Charter  of  extraterritoriality ­
  in  the  Turkish  Empire  and  in  the  states  now  or  formerly
vassal  to  it.
At  first  the  natural  assumption  was  that  the  traveller
carried  his  law  with  him,  in  so  far  as  he  was  entitled  to  the
protection  of  any  law  ;  but  by  degrees,  in  the  history  of  those
countries  whose  government  is  based  on  law  and  not  on
the  will  of  the  governors,  law  became  paramount,  and  the
law  of  the  locality  was  never  set  aside  to  pleasure  a  chance
visitor.  This  is  now  the  rule,  the  Capitulations  in  Turkey
being  merely  survivals  of  the  middle  ages.  When  the
European  first  came  to  the  Far  East,  he  had  no  thought
that  he  was  entitled  to  carry  his  law  with  him,  and  submission ­
  to  the  lex  loci  was  merely  an  incident  in  his  adventurous ­
  career,  duly  provided  for  in  his  profit  and  loss
account.  The  Black  Hole  of  Calcutta  was  typical  of  the
treatment  of  the  English  in  India  at  the  time,  when  once
removed  from  the  protection  of  the  British  flag  ;  the
Portuguese  in  China  enjoyed  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit
of  happiness  only  on  condition  of  remaining  safely  in  the
tiny  peninsula  of  Macao  ;  and  the  Dutch  in  Japan,  cooped
up  in  Desima,  were  allowed  to  monopolise  a  profitable
trade,  but  were  otherwise  subject  to  the  whims  of  the
Japanese.  At  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century  the
English  and  Americans  resident  in  China  were  restricted
to  the  “  Factory  ”  or  trading  post  of  Canton,  privileged  for
exercise  to  walk  a  hundred  paces  in  one  direction  and  then
a  hundred  paces  in  the  other.  They  were  in  general  well
treated,  since  the  trade  so  profitable  to  them  was  equally