i82  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
üHHi
their  own  laws,  in  the  way  provided  fot'  by  ^
respondence  which  took  place  at  Nanking  ■
concluding  of  the  peace.”  the
This  regulation  was  in  its  form  a  concessi  ^
Chinese,  designed  to  control  the  unruly  mem  e  ^
crews  of  foreign  ships.  It  was  reserved  or  ,  the
States  of  America,  peacefully  following  on  t  c  more
British  cannon,  to  step  into  the  breach,  and  o  "I  tor
clearly  the  one  condition  which  renters  i  ; 0 y  in
aries  to  peacefully  pursue  their  holy  calling,  lan( j
the  laws  of  the  land  of  their  allegiance  and  no  ,  tn
of  their  sojourn.  In  the  treaty  of  Wanghea,  s  g
July  1844,  Art.  XXI.  reads  as  follows  :  f  nV
“  Subjects  of  China  who  may  be  guilty  of  any
criminal  act  towards  citizens  of  the  Unite  Ar ;ties
be  arrested  and  punished  by  the  Chinese  au
according  to  the  laws  of  China,  and  citizens  ^
United  States  who  may  commit  any  crime  1  ^
shall  be  subject  to  be  tried  and  punished  on  y
Consul  or  other  public  functionary  of  the  Uni  e  ^
thereto  authorised  according  to  the  laws  of  t  re
States  ;  and  in  order  to  the  prevention  of  all  con  r( ^ e
and  disaffection,  justice  shall  be  equitably  an  1
partially  administered  on  both  sides.”
The  French  treaty  of  Whampoa,  signed  in  Uco
1844,  contained  a  similar  provision  that  French  sub]ec
accused  of  any  crime  should  be  “  livrés  à  l’action  régu  er
des  lois  françaises,”  adding,  however,  an  enunciation  o  1
principle  of  extraterritoriality  :—
“  U  en  sera  de  même  en  toute  circonstance  analogü
et  non  prévue  dans  la  présente  Convention,  le  principe