202  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
within  the  same  area,  and,  that  if  there  is  to  be  one  administration, ­
  it  shall  be  the  foreign.
To  the  ordinary  functions  of  a  Consul,  the  foreign  representative ­
  in  China  adds  those  of  judge,  diplomatic  agent,
civil  authority  in  control  of  the  military,  and  has  a  potent
voice  in  municipal  administration.  The  foreign  merchant
is  entirely  removed  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  laws  of
China,  and  is  entitled  to  the  protection—for  life,  liberty,  and
property—of  his  own  national  laws.  The  foreign  missionary
carries  the  protection  of  his  own  flag  to  the  remotest  corner
of  the  Empire.  All  this  arises  from  extraterritoriality-This
  remedy  for  the  intolerable  situation  of  the  first  half
of  the  nineteenth  century  has  now  been  in  force  for  sixty
years,  and  through  it  life  in  China  has  been  rendered  possible
for  all  foreigners  ;  without  it,  during  those  sixty  years
the  contention  of  the  Chinese  Government  that  none  of  the
outer  barbarians  should  abide  on  the  sacred  soil  of  the
Middle  Kingdom  would  have  worked  its  own  accomplishment. ­
  It  is  based  on  force,  as  was  the  first  occupation  of
Massachusetts  Bay  and  the  progress  of  the  Union  from
the  Atlantic  westward  to  the  Pacific,  or  as  was  the  settlement ­
  of  New  Zealand  and  of  Canada  ;  and  on  manifest
destiny  so  long  as  its  beneficiaries  can  compel  destiny.  It
has  no  logical  or  moral  argument  to  uphold  it  ;  and  yet  it
is  a  necessity  of  the  case,  if  the  foreign  merchant  and  the
foreign  missionary  are  to  remain  in  the  country  ;  and  so  long
as  their  stay  there  is  legitimate,  so  long  will  extraterritoriality
  provide  them  with  a  buckler  in  following  their  lawful
occupations.  The  right  will  not,  and  cannot,  be  abrogated
until  all  the  foreign  powers  concerned  are  unanimous  in
their  opinion  that  residence  in  China  will  be  as  safe,  and
protected  by  guarantees  as  sound,  as  in  other  countries  ;
or  until  the  growing  strength  and  improved  administration
of  China  herself  enable  her  to  claim  and  to  maintain  the  right
of  governing  all  within  her  borders.