THE  PROVINCES  AND  THE  TREATY  PORTS  205
to  a  tariff  settled  for  both  parties  by  treaty.  At  some  ports
are  national  concessions,  as  at  1  ientsin,  on  which  municipal
and  police  administration  is  under  the  control  of  the  Consul
of  the  lessee  power  ;  at  others  are  settlements  01  reserved
areas  for  residence,"  as  at  Shanghai,  with  municipal  organisation, ­
  but  at  which  the  power  which  issues  the  title-deeds  is
China  ;  at  others,  including  most  of  the  newer  ports,  there
is  neither  concession  nor  reserved  area,  excepting  “  International ­
  Settlements  ”  established  at  a  few  places  by  the
Chinese  authorities.  At  all  the  treaty  ports,  however,  there
is  one  common  right,  the  privilege  of  exempting  goods  by
one  payment  from  all  further  taxation  on  movement.
On  a  bale  of  sheetings  imported  at  Shanghai,  a  treaty  port,
the  importer  will  pay  once  duty  at  the  tariff  rate  ;  it  may
then,  perhaps  a  year  later,  be  shipped  to  Hankow,  a  treaty
port,  without  further  payment  ;  it  may  then  be  shipped  to
Changsha,  a  treaty  port,  without  further  payment  ;  it  may
then  be  shipped  to  Changteh,  having  the  privileges  of  a
treaty  port,  without  further  payment  ;  but  if  it  then  goes
on  fifty  miles  farther,  or  if,  instead  of  taking  the  journey
of  900  miles  in  three  stages  to  Changteh,  it  goes  “  inland  "
to  a  place  which  is  not  a  treaty  port  thirty  miles  from
Shanghai,  the  bale  is  liable  to  the  taxation  which  is  levied
in  China  on  all  movement  of  commodities  not  exempted  by
special  privilege.  A  treaty  port  may  be  miles  away  from
the  nearest  navigable  water,  it  may  be  the  most  inland  of
inland  marts,  but  in  matters  of  taxation  and  of  privilege
a  broad  distinction  is  drawn  between  these  forty  ports
and  all  the  rest  of  China,  which,  even  on  the  coast,  is  “  inland." ­
  This  is  the  one  reason  underlying  the  constant
demand  for  the  opening  of  new  treaty  ports,  with  all  the
expense  for  administrative  and  preventive  work  imposed
on  China,  and  for  the  enforcement  of  extraterritorial  rights
imposed  on  the  foreign  powers.
Manchuria
Of  the  three'  eastern  provinces,  two,  Tsitsihar  (or  Heilungkiang) ­
  and  Kirin,  may  be  dismissed  with  few  words.  The