214  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
1905)  a  total  of  3,770  civilian  foreigners,  including  679
British,  387  American,  465  German,  244  French,  n5
Russian,  60  Austro-Hungarian,  100  Belgian,  34  Italian,  i,53
Japanese,  and  148  others.  Formerly  the  population  0
the  city  and  its  suburbs  was  estimated  at  a  million,  but,
with  all  its  development,  recent  and  more  careful  estimates
put  it  at  750,000.  The  development  of  trade  is  shown  by
the  following  figures  of  the  value  of  merchandise  (not
including  treasure)  carried  in  foreign  bottoms.

Imports.  Exports.  Total.
Tls.  Tls.  Tls.
1864  .  .  7,645,422  1,730,786  9,376,208
1874  ..  17,682,684  1,144,893  18,827,577
1884  .  .  20,328,981  3,610,076  23,939,057
1894  .  .  37,412,806  6,864,248  44,277,054
1904  ..  54&gt;059,3I5  14,895,375  68,954,694
1905  •  •  81,826,313  14,739,359  96,565,67 2

In  addition,  during  1905,  produce  to  a  value  of  Tls.8,018,223
was  exported  by  junk.  Among  imports  the  principal  items
are  cotton  woven  fabrics  (value  in  1905  Tls.21,314,000  for
foreign,  and  Tls.440,000  for  native  weavings),  cotton  yarn
(  ris.6,514,570  for  foreign,  and  Tls.574,100  for  native  spinnings), ­
  copper  (Tls.3,119,000  for  foreign,  and  Tls.460,840
for  Chinese),  cigarettes  (Tls.1,287,000),  tobacco  (  Tls.422,600),
kerosene  oil  (Tls.2,268,600),  railway  plant  and  machinery
in  general  (Tls.3,995,000),  sugar  (Tls.3,286,000),  timber
(Tls  i,445,000),  paper  (Tls.2,290,000),  rice  (Tls.  10,592,000),
silks  (Tls.i,840,000),  tea  (for  local  consumption  Tls.1,132,000,
for  transit  to  Russia  by  land  Tls.2,861,600).  The  principal
among  the  articles  of  export  were  bristles  Tls.831,7*3)’
spirits  (Tls.666,500),  skins  and  furs  (Tls.5,210,000),  strawbiaid
  (Tls.858,600),  and  wool  of  camel,  goat,  and  sheep
(Tls.3,326,400).
Chinwangtao  (39 0  55'  N.,  119 0  38'  E.)  is  a  comparatively ­
  ice-free  port  on  a  frozen  coast,  affording  an  outlet
when  Tientsin  (December  to  February)  and  Newchwang
(November  to  March)  are  frozen  up.  Originally  opened