THE  PROVINCES  AND  THE  TREATY  PORTS  217
through  its  lightness  and  friability,  which  expose  it  to  the
destructive  independent  action  of  each  element.  This,  too,
is  the  only  soil  on  which  to  raise  protecting  dykes,  and
catastrophic  floods  from  breaches  in  the  banks  are  of  almost
annual  occurrence,  being  recorded  in  seven  of  the  ten  years
1882-1891,  and  in  seven  of  the  years  1892-1901.  With  all
this,  or  because  of  all  this,  Shantung,  though  rich  in  products,
is  richer  still  in  its  men,  and  richest  of  all  in  having  produced ­
  Confucius.  The  Master  was  born  b.c.  551  (dying
B.c.  479)  in  what  is  now  the  district  of  Chow-hsien,  and  his
Memorial  Hall  is  still  standing  at  Chüchow  in  the  prefecture
of  Y  inchow,  in  the  western  part  of  the  province  ;  and
through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  revolutions,  rebellions,  and
falling  dynasties,  his  memory  has  been  kept  green  and  his
name  honored  by  the  perpetually  hereditary  rank  of  Rung
(Duke)  bestowed  upon  his  family.  His  seventy-sixth  lineal
descendant  to-day  divides  his  time  between  Peking  and  his
ancestral  home  :  this,  it  may  be  noted,  gives  an  average  of
31-4  years  for  a  generation.
Shantung  produces  coal,  iron,  and  gold,  and  its  farm  products ­
  are  beans,  opium,  silk,  wheat,  millet,  and  tree-fruits.
Within  its  limits  are  the  treaty  port  of  Chef00  and  the
foreign  “  leased  territories  "  of  Kiaochow  and  Weihaiwei.
Chefoo  (37 0  33'  N.,  121 0  22'  E.)  :  the  treaty  port,
opened  in  1863,  is  not  at  Chefoo,  which  is  on  the  north  side
of  its  harbor,  but  at  Y  entai  on  the  south  side.  The  roadstead ­
  provides  a  commodious  anchorage,  safe  for  vessels  at
all  times  with  some  selection  of  a  berth,  but  so  far  exposed
to  certain  winds,  north  and  east,  as  to  render  the  discharge
of  cargo  difficult  at  times.  Here  there  is  neither  concession
nor  settlement,  in  the  sense  of  an  administrative  municipality ­
  ;  but  since  the  opening  of  the  port  the  entire  promontory ­
  of  Y  entai,  which  projects  into  the  harbor,  has  been,
more  or  less  tacitly,  and  without  any  formal  agreement,
reserved  for  occupation  as  a  foreign  quarter.  The  residents
have  bought  their  own  land,  have  made  their  own  winding
roads,  and  have  maintained  cleanliness^and  order  mainly
through  the  force  of  public  opinion.  They  have  assessed