246  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
beans  (Tls.795,000),  bean-cake  (Tls.275,000),  bean-oil
(Tls.134,000),wood-oil  (Tls.135,000),  rape-seed  (Tls.  111,000),
and  tobacco  (Tls.418,000).  Among  exports  the  principe
were  cotton  (Tls.306,000),  fans  (Tls.800,000),  silk  an  1
products  (Tls.3,182,000),  and  tea  (Tls.4,245,000).
Ningpo  (29 0  53'  N.,  121 0  33'  E.)  was  visited  by
Portuguese  in  1522,  but  their  traders  were  expelled  in  *54 2 -
It  was  occupied  by  the  British  forces  in  1841,  and  in  1  4 2
was  declared  a  treaty  port.  Its  population  is  estimate
at  260,000.  There  is  no  foreign  concession  or  reserve
area,  and  police  and  roads  are  maintained  at  the  cost  an
under  the  control  of  the  Chinese  authorities.  4  here  was  in
the  early  days  some  question  whether  Ningpo  or  Shang  hai
should  become  the  commercial  centre  for  trade  at
mouth  of  the  Yangtze,  but  the  strong  organisation  o  G
Ningpo  merchants  in  the  guilds  kept  the  trade  of  the  por
in  their  own  hands,  with  the  result  that  Shanghai  too
metropolitan  rank.  Ningpo  is,  and  for  fifty  years  a
been  commercially  subsidiary  to  Shanghai,  with  whic
almost  alone,  trade  is  carried  on,  communication  being
maintained  by  a  daily  steamer.  The  opening  first  of  Wu  o,
then  of  Hangchow,  diverted  a  part  of  the  trade  from  Ningpo-The
  course  of  trade  is  seen  from  the  following  figures  .-  •

1864
1874
1884
1894
1904

Imports.
Tls.
10,264,616
7,532,465
6,649,117
8,984,676
13,296,271

Exports.
Tls.
6,250,306
7,OI3, 8 45
4,773,272
5,615,081
R  HOT  T/tT

Total.
Tls.
16,514,922
14,546,310
11,422,389
14,599,757
-2T  207.4.12

With  so  slight  an  expansion  of  values  expressed  in  silver,
obviously  a  non-progressive  port.  Among  the  imports  0
1904  the  principal  were  cotton  fabrics  (Tls.2,950,000),
cotton  yarn  (Tls.533,000),  tin  (Tls.1,300,000),  kerosene  01
(Tls.561,000),  sugar  (Tls.1,529,000),  and  tobacco,  including
cigarettes  (Tls.312,000).  The  chief  exports  were  cotton