THE  PROVINCES  AND  THE  TREATY  PORTS  251
bicho  de  mar  (Tis.  138,000),  flour  (Tis.505,000),  matches
(Tis.130,000),  kerosene  oil  (Tis.589,000),  rice  (Tis.1,907,000),
beans  (Tis.964,000),  and  bean-cake  (Tls.  1,192,000).  Among
exports  tea  from  Formosa  (Tls.4,025,000),  constituted
three-fifths  of  the  whole;  other  exports  were  paper
(Tls.884,000),  sugar  (Tls.441,000),  and  tobacco  (Tls.324,000).
Kwangtung
Kwangtung,  the  “  Eastern  Broad,”  forms  with  Kwangsi,
the  “  Western  Broad,”  the  Viceroyalty  of  Liang  Kwang,
the  “Two  Broads.”  Kwangtung  is  in  the  main  a  mountainous ­
  province,  with  two  rich  plains,  one  lying  around  Chaochow
  (of  which  the  port  is  Swatow),  the  other  being  the
delta  of  the  Pearl  River,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  West
River,  flowing  from  Kwangsi,  the  North  River,  which  flows
from  the  watershed  separating  Kwangtung  to  the  south
from  Kiangsi  and  Hunan  to  the  north,  and  enters  the  West
River  at  Samshui,  and  the  East  River,  flowing  from  eastern
Kwangtung  and  entering  the  deltaic  system  near  Whampoa,
the  deep-water  anchorage  of  Canton.  Including  the  island
of  Hainan,  administratively  only  a  prefecture  of  Kwangtung,
the  area  of  the  province  is  estimated  at  100,000  square  miles,
and  its  population  at  30,000,000.  The  people  are  sturdy
and  industrious,  differing  in  this  from  other  sub-tropical
peoples,  and  are  aggressive  and  independent.  They  are
of  two  distinct  races,  the  punti  or  indigenous,  and  the
hakka  or  immigrants,  intermingled  but  never  coalescing
or  intermarrying,  speaking  dialects  mutually  unintelligible
to  each  other,  and  frequently  engaging  in  clan  fights.  From
the  eastern  to  the  western  extremity  of  its  coast,  a  sailing
course  from  headland  to  headland,  not  entering  the  inlets
and  not  including  Hainan,  would  measure  nearly  700
nautical  miles.  The  people  of  this  coast  are  hardy  fishermen, ­
  and,  when  occasion  serves,  bold  pirates.  The  inland
people  of  the  country  are  industrious  husbandmen,  and  in
the  cities  is  a  laborious  industrial  population.  The  province
produces  great  quantities  of  rice,  and  imports  annually