252  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE
some  half-million  tons  additional  to  supply  the  deficiency
for  its  needs  ;  it  also  produces  silk,  good  but  inferior  to
that  of  Kiangsu  and  Chekiang  ;  tea,  far  inferior  to  its
former  quality  ;  matting,  from  a  rush  grown  on  the  lo#
islands  of  the  delta  coast  ;  cassia,  from  Loting  ;  ginger,  from
the  north-west  ;  sugar,  from  the  eastern  parts  of  the  province, ­
  from  Leichow,  and  from  Hainan  ;  fruits,  from  aU
parts  ;  and  sub-tropical  produce  generally.  The  industries
carried  on  in  the  cities  are  literally  innumerable,  but  all
such  as  can  be  carried  on  by  one  man  and  his  immediate
family  working  in  his  own  shop  or  in  his  own  home.
the  province  are  six  treaty  ports,  Swatow,  Canton,  Samshui,
Kongmoon,  Kiungchow  and  Pakhoi  ;  two  customs  stations,
Kowloon  and  Lappa,  to  supervise  the  junk  trade  between
China  and  Hongkong  and  Macao  respectively  ;  and  two
ceded  and  one  leased  territories,  Hongkong,  Macao;  and
K  wangcho  w  wan.
Swatow  (23 0  22'  N.,  116 0  40'  E.),  an  unofficial  town
with  a  present  population  of  60,000,  the  port  of  Chaochow,
the  easternmost  prefecture  of  Kwangtung,  was  opened
to  trade  in  i860.  The  anchorage  is  good,  four  miles  up
stream  from  Double  Island,  which  lies  as  a  breakwater
across  the  mouth  of  the  Han  River.  The  foreign  community ­
  lives  partly  on  the  north,  and  partly  on  the  south
side  of  the  river,  with  the  business  offices  on  the  north  side,
and  they  have  no  municipal  organisation.  The  people  °
the  Chaochow  prefecture,  commonly  called  the  SwatoW
men,  are  very  clannish,  holding  themselves  apart  even
from  their  co-provincials  the  Cantonese,  and  are  wellorganised
  and  closely  united  in  every  place  in  the  Empire
to  which  trade  has  called  them  ;  and  on  many  occasion^
they  have  successfully  resisted  attempts  to  impose  more
stringent  conditions  upon  them  (such  as  lower  prices  for
their  products,  higher  freights,  special  clauses  in  a  bill  of
lading,  etc.)  by  united  guild  action,  proceeding  even  on
occasion  to  the  extreme  measure  of  a  boycott  or  of  abstention ­
  from  all  trade.  The  district  is  a  large  importer
of  beans  and  bean-cake,  and,  though  rice-producing,  of  rice