FOREIGN  TRADE  271
and  initiated  trade  at  Ningpo  (where  a  regular  “  factory,”
or  trading-post,  was  established),  Foochow,  and  Amoy,
while  three  posts  were  established  near  Canton,  one  being
at  Macao.  The  general  conduct  of  the  Portuguese  was  in
keeping  with  the  attitude  maintained  at  that  time  by  all
Christian  nations  toward  the  heathen,  probably  intensified
by  the  difficulty  of  getting  the  better  of  Chinese  traders  in
a  bargain,  and  the  Imperial  order  went  out  to  slay  them.
This  was  done  effectively  in  the  north,  800  losing  their
lives  at  Ningpo,  and  the  Portuguese  concentrated  at  Macao,
where  they  were  allowed  to  settle  in  1557  on  payment
of  Tls.500  annually  as  rent  ;  in  1573  the  Chinese  shut  in
the  settlement  by  a  wall,  and  in  1587  established  a  civil
magistracy  to  rule  the  Chinese  inhabitants  and  collect  all
dues  of  the  government  ;  both  endured  until  1848.  Several
Portuguese  embassies  went,  or  attempted  to  go,  to  Peking  :
the  first,  accompanying  de  Andrade  in  1517,  was  stopped
at  Canton  ;  the  second,  in  1552,  was  stopped  by  the  Portuguese ­
  Governor  at  Malacca  ;  a  third  in  1667  reached  Peking,
but  accomplished  nothing  ;  a  fourth  in  1727  was  graciously
received  at  Court,  but  secured  no  tangible  advantages  ;
and  the  same  result  attended  a  fifth  in  1753.  After  the
assertion  of  the  independence  of  Macao  in  1848,  political
relations  became  strained,  and,  with  one  exception  (Mexico),
Portugal  was  the  last  of  the  Western  powers  to  secure  (in
1887)  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  with  the  Imperial
Government.
The  Spanish  were  the  next  to  enter  into  the  foreign
trade  of  China.  They  had  entered  the  East  from  the  West
through  the  Philippines  in  1543,  by  reason  of  the  decision
of  the  Borgian  court  of  delimitation  ;  and  their  first  visit
to  China  was  in  1575,  when  they  were  well  received  at
Canton.  A  diplomatic  mission  started  for  Peking  in  1580,
Put  was  detained  at  Canton  and  sent  back  to  Manila  ;  this
was  the  last  embassy  until  1847,  and  the  first  treaty  was
made  in  1864.  The  development  of  the  Spanish  trade  with
China  was  left  to  the  Chinese  trading  between  Manila  and
Fukien  ports  (Amoy,  Chinchew,  etc.),  and  the  Chinese