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the  proper  dovetailing  of  the  foreign  and  Chinese  sides  of
the  administration  ;  and  all  these  were  settled  on  lines  which
have  endured.  Mention  must  not  be  omitted  of  the  lieutenants ­
  who  seconded  the  work  of  the  Inspector  General
during  this  formative  period.  In  addition  to  the  seven
mentioned  before,  who  were  Commissioners  in  charge  of
ports  in  1861,  it  is  right  to  record  the  work  done  in  instituting
this  new  experiment  by,  among  others,  E.  C.  Bowra,  Chas.
Hannen,  Thos.  Dick,  A.  Macpherson,  and  W.  Cartwright,
British  ;  E.  C.  Taint  or,  F.  E.  Woodruff,  and  E.  B.  Drew,
American  ;  Baron  de  Méritens  and  A.  Huber,  French  ;  and
F.  Kleinwächter  and  G.  Detring,  German.
In  all  matters  of  procedure  and  regulation—in  administration ­
  ad  rem—the  Inspector  General  has  always  referred
to  the  Imperial  Government,  giving  of  course  his  views,
and  the  instructions  he  has  issued  for  the  guidance  of  the
Commissioners  have  always  been  based  upon  the  instructions
given  to  him  by  the  Government,  sometimes,  in  important
matters,  after  reference  to  and  report  by  the  High  Commissioners ­
  of  Trade,  the  Viceroys  at  Tientsin  and  Nanking
acting  ex  officio  ad  hoc  ;  and  the  bilateral  character  of  the
Service  is  exemplified  by  the  practice  of  issuing  identical
and  simultaneous  instructions  through  the  Inspector  General
to  the  Commissioners  and  through  the  High  Commissioners
to  the  Superintendents.  Originally  the  Inspector  General’s
phraseology  was  “  I  have  received  the  commands  of  H.I.H.
Prince  Rung  to  direct  ”  ;  it  then  became  “  I  enclose  for
your  information  and  guidance  copy  of  a  despatch  from
the  Tsung-li  Yâmen  directing,”  and  this  form  (with  the
substitution  from  1901  of  the  Wai-wu  Pu,  and  from  May
1906  of  the  Shui-wu  Chu,  for  the  Tsung-li  Yâmen)  continued
to  be  adopted  for  over  forty  years.  Given  an  Inspector
General  loyal  to  the  Government  he  served,  the  most  hostile
scrutiny  could  detect  no  development  of  an  alien  imperium
in  imperio,  and  during  a  service  of  close  on  half  a  century
not  a  breath  of  suspicion  has  ever  been  thrown  on  the  I.  G.’s
entire  loyalty  to  those  whose  salt  he  ate.
In  the  administration  ad  personam  the  Imperial  Govern-