392 
NUREMBERG. 
quinquennium. It is probable that the incorporation of several rural districts 
within the municipal area has reduced the general standard of consumption 
in these three articles, for these districts brought in a population which 
had been mainly agricultural and had been accustomed to a lower plane 
of living. Furthermore, it is a safe assumption that the smaller consumption 
of beer has in part been caused by the growth of the temperance movement in 
Bavaria as in other parts of Germany, a movement which has to a remarkable 
degree influenced the working classes. Against the less consumption of bread 
may finally be set a largely increased consumption of potatoes, one effect of 
which has been an advance in the price of this commodity, insomuch that the 
peasants of the surrounding districts find it more profitable to grow potatoes for 
the Nuremberg market than to rear pigs on this food to the extent they formerly 
did. When all possible allowances have been made, however, it would seem 
that the higher wages which the working classes of Nuremberg have received in 
recent years have not indicated a proportionately larger purchasing power. 
The working classes of Nuremberg obtain their groceries for the most part 
from small shops in the neighbourhood of their dwellings. Large concerns do 
not exist in this trade, and the co-operative movement has obtained no great 
hold of the people. There is one public Co-operative Society with a nominal 
membership of 2,158 and six stores, but one-third of the members do not purchase 
at the stores at all and the purchases of the active members rarely exceed £10 a 
year ; the total sales in 1905 slightly exceeded £10,000. The employees of the 
large electrical machinery company, the Siemens-Schuckert Werke, have their 
own co-operative store, but though some 2,500 persons are said to trade there the 
turnover bears no proportion to the aggregate expenditure on food and other 
household necessities of an equal number of families. It should be stated that 
these co-operative societies are only allowed by their statutes to sell goods to 
their members, unless such goods (like bread) are actually produced by them, 
a restriction for which the private trader is very grateful. 
Coffee is bought at from 8§d. to Is. Id. per lb., but the qualities at 11 d. 
to Is. Id. per lb. are in largest demand. There is no consumption of tea, and 
little of cocoa. The price of sugar has fallen considerably since the bounty 
system was abandoned. Two kinds meet the bulk of the demand, viz., cube 
sugar and white granulated, both at 2\d. per lb. Bacon is bought exclusively 
at butchers’ shops, fat and streaky costing as a rule in October, 1905, the same 
price, viz., from lie?, to Is. 
The kinds of cheese for which there is most demand are Limburg, costing 
5\d. per lb., and Swiss or Emmenthal at from lie?, to Is. 1 d. per lb. Though so 
named, however, these cheeses come neither from Limburg nor Switzerland, but 
are made in Bavaria, and especially in the Aligan district. Cheese can only 
seldom be bought at grocers’ shops ; as a rule it is sold in special shops 
devoted to farm produce. 
It is a peculiarity of the working classes of Nuremberg and of Bavaria 
generally that they are not great consumers of butter, though Bavaria is to a 
large extent a grazing country. The working man eats sausage with his bread, 
but not butter as a rule, as in North Germany. The predominant price of the 
fresh “table” butter sold was in 1905 from Is. Id. to Is. 2\d. per lb., but 
country or “peasant ” butter cost Id. less. For margarine there is hardly any 
demand, and few grocers sell it, for though there are several large margarine 
manufactories at Nuremberg their produce is sent to North Germany. The 
severity of the restrictions which surround the sale of butter substitutes render 
small traders indisposed to deal in such commodities at all. 
As bread is bought at the baker’s, wheaten flour is only needed for fancy 
baking, and there is but a small sale (at is. 3\d. per 7 lb. in 1905) ; rye flour 
is not sold by provision dealers. 
The bread supply of the town is baked by a host of small bakers ; there 
are few factory bakers, and no home baking whatever is done. The bread 
mostly consumed is a rye bread known as “ black,” though in reality answering to 
the “ grey” bread of North Germany. It is sold in loaves of four pounds German 
(equal to 4'4 lb. English) and the local Guild of Bakers fixes the price from 
time to time according to the price of flour. The Guild price in October, 1905, 
was Q^d. per 4 lb. English for first quality flour and about Id. less for 
second quality. Wheaten rolls are also largely consumed with morning coffee ;